Questions and Answers
What is the function of skeletal muscles and the skeleton?
They are involved in the movement of the body.
What are effectors?
Effectors respond to stimuli and are usually muscles and glands.
What is the purpose of cartilage at joints?
Cartilage at joints prevents bones from rubbing together.
What gives bone its hardness?
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What is bone made of?
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Describe the composition of cartilage.
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What are joints?
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Name the three types of joints mentioned in the text.
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What distinguishes synovial joints from fixed and slightly movable joints?
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The position of the large hole in the centre of the floor of the cranium is for the ______
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Cartilage links the rib to the ______
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The upper jaw is also known as the ______
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The lower jaw is also known as the ______
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The eye socket is also known as ______
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- Human skeleton is made up of 92 bones, with the ends of the bones covered in cartilage to prevent rubbing and promote smooth movement.
- The skeleton provides support, protection, and enables movement through muscles and joints.
Bones
- Bones are made of living tissue surrounded by mineral salts, primarily calcium and collagen fibers.
- Bones are hard due to the presence of mineral salts and have some elasticity due to collagen fibers.
Cartilage
- Cartilage is made of living tissue surrounded by some mineral salts, making it smooth and slippery on the outside.
- Cartilage is found at the ends of bones, allowing for smooth movement and preventing bones from rubbing together.
Joints
- Joints are the points where two bones meet.
- There are three types of joints: fixed joints, slightly movable joints, and freely movable joints (synovial joints).
Types of Joints
- Fixed joints: bones are fused, allowing no movement (e.g., bones of the cranium and pelvic girdle).
- Slightly movable joints: allow limited movement due to cartilage holding bones together.
- Freely movable joints (synovial joints): allow for a wide range of movement (e.g., ball and hinge joints, gliding joints).
Muscles and Movement
- Muscles are effectors that respond to stimuli, enabling movement.
- Skeletal muscles work across joints to produce movement.
- Examples of muscles and their actions include:
- Deltoid muscle: lifts arm sideways.
- Triceps muscle: straightens elbow.
- Extensor carpi muscle: straightens wrist.
- Hamstring muscle: bends knee.
- Gluteus maximus: straightens hip.
- Gastrocnemius muscle: pulls foot downward.
Other Key Points
- The sternum (breast bone) is linked to ribs through cartilage.
- The skull has various features, including the nasal opening, eye socket (orbit), and upper and lower jaws (maxilla and mandible).
- The spinal cord passes through a large hole in the floor of the cranium.
- Tendons, such as the Achilles tendon, connect muscles to bones.
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