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Questions and Answers
What occurs in the body when the first line of defence fails?
What role do B cells play in the immune response?
What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?
Why do fevers occur during an immune response?
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How do antibodies function in the immune response?
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What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
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What role do sensory neurons play in the stimulus-response model?
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The autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for which of the following actions?
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What is the primary function of a receptor in the central nervous system?
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Which sensory organ is responsible for detecting chemicals in food?
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Which component is NOT part of the central nervous system?
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What type of stimulus do photoreceptors respond to?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for processing information?
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Which type of receptor is involved in detecting sound movements?
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What are the two main parts of the human nervous system identified in the content?
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Which stimulus is NOT detected by touch receptors in the skin?
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What kind of stimuli can be classified as internal stimuli?
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What is the primary function of a neuron?
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What is contained within the cell body of a neuron?
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What role does the myelin sheath play in nerve function?
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What type of cell responds to specific hormones in the body?
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What is a stimulus in the context of the nervous system?
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Which system is responsible for transporting hormones throughout the body?
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What defines homeostasis in the human body?
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What is primarily regulated by homeostatic mechanisms?
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What are dendrites responsible for in a neuron?
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What is a primary characteristic of hormones in the body?
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What happens during a reflex action?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for processing reflex actions?
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What is a primary function of the endocrine system?
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How do hormones travel throughout the body?
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Why are certain glands referred to as ductless glands?
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What distinguishes target cells from other cells in the body?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
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Which of the following statements about hormones is true?
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Study Notes
Human Biology: Definitions
- Neuron: A specialized cell responsible for receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body, connecting the brain with the rest of the body.
- Cell Body: The central part of a nerve cell containing the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Axon: A projection of a nerve cell that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
- Myelin Sheath: An insulating layer surrounding nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord, which speeds up nerve impulse transmission.
- Dendrites: Extensions of the cell body that receive nerve impulses from other neurons, conveying information towards the cell body.
- Stimulus: Any change in the internal or external environment that triggers a response from an organism.
- Receptor: A specialized structure that detects stimuli and sends information to the brain for processing.
- Gland: An organ that produces and releases hormones into the bloodstream.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions, travelling through the bloodstream to target cells.
- Target Cells: Specific cells equipped with receptors that recognize and bind to specific hormones, triggering a biological response.
- Circulatory System: The body's transport system, moving substances like hormones, nutrients, and waste products around the body.
- Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a stable internal environment, keeping factors like glucose levels, pH, water, temperature, and oxygen within healthy ranges.
Human Biology: The Body's Defence System
- The body has three lines of defense against pathogens.
- The First Line of Defense: Physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and secretions like saliva, tears, and stomach acid.
- Second Line of Defense: Non-specific immune responses like inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis.
- Third Line of Defense: Specific immune response, involving lymphocytes (B and T cells) which target specific pathogens.
- B Cells: Specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies.
- Antibodies: Proteins that bind to specific pathogens, blocking their function.
- T Cells: Another type of white blood cells that destroy pathogen-antibody complexes.
- Long-Lasting Immunity: The body develops memory of pathogens it has encountered, allowing for faster response in future encounters.
Human Biology: The Nervous System
- The nervous system: A complex communication network regulating all bodily functions.
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Two Main Parts:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord - processes information.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves extending from the CNS to the rest of the body.
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Controls voluntary muscle movements.
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
Human Biology: Stimulus-Response Model
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Steps in a Stimulus-Response:
- Stimulus Detection: Receptors in sense organs detect stimuli.
- Sensory Nerve Transmission: Sensory neurons transmit impulses to the CNS.
- CNS Processing: Interneurons in the CNS process information.
- Motor Neuron Response: Motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to muscles or organs.
- Response: Muscles or organs respond to produce an action.
Human Biology: Reflexes
- Reflex Actions: Involuntary, rapid responses to stimuli.
- Reflex Pathway: Sensory neuron --> Spinal cord --> Interneuron (sends two signals) --> Motor neuron --> Muscle/organ.
- Brain Involvement: The brain still receives information during a reflex but the response is instantaneous.
Human Biology: The Brain
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Three Main Parts:
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Cerebrum: Responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, and language.
- Lobes: Frontal (decision making), Temporal (hearing), Parietal (touch), Occipital (vision).
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
- Brain Stem: Controls basic life functions like heart rate and breathing.
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Cerebrum: Responsible for higher functions like thinking, memory, and language.
Human Biology: The Endocrine System
- Endocrine System: Network of glands that produce hormones to regulate bodily functions.
- Hormone Release: Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and transported to target cells throughout the body.
- Homeostasis Regulation: The endocrine system helps maintain the body's balance (homeostasis).
- Ductless Glands: Endocrine glands don't have ducts and release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Human Biology: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus: Part of the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems.
- Pituitary Gland: "Master gland" controlled by the hypothalamus, which secretes hormones that regulate other glands.
Human Biology: Hormones
- Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate growth, development, and many other bodily functions.
- Target Cells: Hormones bind to specific target cells to elicit a response.
- Specificity: Different hormones have specific structures and bind to specific receptors on target cells.
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Description
This quiz explores essential terms related to neurons and their functions within the human body. It covers definitions of key components such as the axon, myelin sheath, and various types of nerve cells. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in human biology.