Human Autoimmune Diseases (ADs)
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated percentage of the population worldwide affected by autoimmune diseases?

  • Around 2-3%
  • More than 5% (correct)
  • Exactly 10%
  • Less than 1%

    • What is the normal function of the immune system?

  • To attack healthy cells
  • To guard against germs like bacteria and viruses (correct)
  • To release proteins that attack healthy cells
  • To distinguish between foreign and own cells

    • What happens in an autoimmune disease?

  • The immune system attacks only foreign cells
  • The immune system releases proteins that protect healthy cells
  • The immune system mistakes part of the body as foreign (correct)
  • The immune system distinguishes between foreign and own cells

    • What are autoantibodies?

    <p>Proteins that attack healthy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Unique tissue-specific antigens are targeted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in understanding the mechanisms of autoimmunity?

    <p>Defining early events in these diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?

    <p>The number of organs affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease?

    <p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most important factor contributing to autoimmune disease?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been identified as a potential trigger for autoimmune disease?

    <p>Encounter with a particular pathogen, chemical, drug, toxin, or hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been studied in mouse models to understand autoimmunity?

    <p>Pathways of tolerance induction, immunoregulation, and setpoints/thresholds for immune signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a break in peripheral self-tolerance in autoimmune disease?

    <p>An anti-self immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in autoimmune responses?

    <p>To present an antigen to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genes are most closely associated with autoimmune diseases in both humans and animals?

    <p>HLA genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3 in autoimmune diseases?

    <p>They are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of environmental factors in the development of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>They trigger autoimmune diseases in susceptible individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the absence of the appropriate MHC in an individual?

    <p>The antigen cannot elicit an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HLA allele is associated with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>HLA-DR4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of exposure to UV-B radiation on DNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins?

    <p>Increases their chances of activating an autoreactive lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which environmental factors induce autoimmunity?

    <p>Epigenetic changes and reaction with the self-component to generate novel antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxins can precipitate immune complex nephritis?

    <p>Mercuric-chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of smoking on the onset of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>It can bring on an episode of RA, SLE, Graves’ disease, or scleroderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of certain antibiotics on the onset of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>They can trigger the onset of pemphigus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hair dyes on the onset of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>They can bring on an episode of RA, SLE, Graves’ disease, or scleroderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is believed to trigger an increase in autoreactive antibodies or conventional T cells in genetically predisposed individuals?

    <p>Severe bacterial or viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of many autoimmune diseases in both humans and experimental animal models?

    <p>Females are more susceptible to autoimmune conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to play a significant role in the sex-based susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Sex hormones such as estrogens and androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often abnormal in SLE patients?

    <p>Estrogen metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of many autoimmune diseases?

    <p>They vary in incidence by region or ethnic group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of administering estrogen in a mouse model of SLE?

    <p>It unregulates Bcl-2 in B cells and blocks B cell tolerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

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