Human Autoimmune Diseases (ADs)

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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated percentage of the population worldwide affected by autoimmune diseases?

  • Around 2-3%
  • More than 5% (correct)
  • Exactly 10%
  • Less than 1%

What is the normal function of the immune system?

  • To attack healthy cells
  • To guard against germs like bacteria and viruses (correct)
  • To release proteins that attack healthy cells
  • To distinguish between foreign and own cells

What happens in an autoimmune disease?

  • The immune system attacks only foreign cells
  • The immune system releases proteins that protect healthy cells
  • The immune system mistakes part of the body as foreign (correct)
  • The immune system distinguishes between foreign and own cells

What are autoantibodies?

<p>Proteins that attack healthy cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases?

<p>Unique tissue-specific antigens are targeted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in understanding the mechanisms of autoimmunity?

<p>Defining early events in these diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases?

<p>The number of organs affected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease?

<p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the single most important factor contributing to autoimmune disease?

<p>Genetic predisposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as a potential trigger for autoimmune disease?

<p>Encounter with a particular pathogen, chemical, drug, toxin, or hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been studied in mouse models to understand autoimmunity?

<p>Pathways of tolerance induction, immunoregulation, and setpoints/thresholds for immune signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a break in peripheral self-tolerance in autoimmune disease?

<p>An anti-self immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in autoimmune responses?

<p>To present an antigen to T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genes are most closely associated with autoimmune diseases in both humans and animals?

<p>HLA genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3 in autoimmune diseases?

<p>They are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of environmental factors in the development of autoimmune diseases?

<p>They trigger autoimmune diseases in susceptible individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the absence of the appropriate MHC in an individual?

<p>The antigen cannot elicit an immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which HLA allele is associated with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>HLA-DR4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exposure to UV-B radiation on DNA and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins?

<p>Increases their chances of activating an autoreactive lymphocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which environmental factors induce autoimmunity?

<p>Epigenetic changes and reaction with the self-component to generate novel antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following toxins can precipitate immune complex nephritis?

<p>Mercuric-chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of smoking on the onset of autoimmune diseases?

<p>It can bring on an episode of RA, SLE, Graves’ disease, or scleroderma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of certain antibiotics on the onset of autoimmune diseases?

<p>They can trigger the onset of pemphigus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hair dyes on the onset of autoimmune diseases?

<p>They can bring on an episode of RA, SLE, Graves’ disease, or scleroderma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to trigger an increase in autoreactive antibodies or conventional T cells in genetically predisposed individuals?

<p>Severe bacterial or viral infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of many autoimmune diseases in both humans and experimental animal models?

<p>Females are more susceptible to autoimmune conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to play a significant role in the sex-based susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases?

<p>Sex hormones such as estrogens and androgens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often abnormal in SLE patients?

<p>Estrogen metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of many autoimmune diseases?

<p>They vary in incidence by region or ethnic group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of administering estrogen in a mouse model of SLE?

<p>It unregulates Bcl-2 in B cells and blocks B cell tolerization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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