Questions and Answers
Which bones make up the shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and Scapula
What bones form the skeleton of the forearm?
Radius and Ulna
Which region of the foot consists of 5 metatarsal bones?
Metacarpals
What forms the skeleton of the thigh?
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How many carpal bones make up the proximal region of the hand?
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Which part of the axial skeleton is formed by the manubrium sterni, body, and xiphoid process?
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the axial skeleton?
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Which part of the rib cage is an important landmark used for counting other ribs?
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How many true ribs are there in the rib cage?
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What is the classification of the lower five ribs based on their attachments to the sternum?
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Which part of the upper limb skeleton consists of the manubrium sterni, body, and xiphoid process?
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Study Notes
Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
- The vertebral column consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae.
- There are 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum is located in the midline.
Thoracic Cage
- The thoracic cage consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
- The sternum is formed of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
- The sternal angle is a landmark formed by the junction between the manubrium and the body, located at the level of the second costal cartilage and the second rib.
Ribs
- There are 12 ribs on each side, classified into:
- True ribs: Upper 7 ribs attached to the sternum
- False ribs: Lower 5 ribs not attached to the sternum
- Floating ribs: The lower 2 ribs that are free anteriorly
Thoracic Vertebrae
- There are 12 thoracic vertebrae that form the posterior part of the thoracic cage.
- They articulate with each other by intervertebral discs.
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Limb
- The skeleton of the upper limb consists of:
- Shoulder girdle/pectoral girdle: Clavicle (anterior) and scapula (posterior)
- Arm: Humerus
- Forearm: Radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)
- Hand: Carpal bones (proximal), metacarpals (intermediate), and phalanges (distal)
Lower Limb
- The skeleton of the lower limb consists of:
- Pelvic girdle: Hip bone
- Thigh: Femur
- Leg: Tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral)
- Foot: Tarsus (proximal), metatarsus (intermediate), and phalanges (distal)
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