Human Anatomy: Trunk and Upper Extremities

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Questions and Answers

Which group of muscles is NOT part of the trunk muscles?

Muscles of the pelvic floor

Muscles of the upper arm (correct)

Muscles of the thorax

Muscles of the abdominal wall

What is a primary function of the muscles acting on the shoulder girdle?

Facilitating digestion

Stabilizing the spine

Allowing extensive arm movement (correct)

Controlling respiration

Which muscles are classified as belonging to the abdominal wall?

Trapezius

Pectoralis major

Rectus abdominis (correct)

Latissimus dorsi

Which muscle group helps in supporting the pelvic floor?

Muscles of the pelvic floor Signup and view all the answers

Which area do the intrinsic muscles primarily pertain to?

Hand Signup and view all the answers

What role do the muscles of the back primarily serve?

Movements and stabilization of the spine Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of posture as defined in the objectives?

Alignment of body segments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of muscle action described in the content?

Muscles that stabilize the knee Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melanocytes in the skin?

To contribute to skin color and filter ultraviolet light Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of keratin?

Stratum spinosum Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes thick skin from thin skin?

Thick skin is hairless and has a ridged surface Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in the epidermis plays a role in the immune response?

Epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tactile epithelial cells in the skin?

Attachment to sensory nerve endings for light touch perception Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules crucial for keratin formation?

Stratum granulosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the dermis and epidermis?

The dermis is deeper and thicker compared to the superficial epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the body’s largest organ?

Integument Signup and view all the answers

What are the two tables of compact bone found in cranial flat bones called?

Internal and external tables Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the periosteum and endosteum related to flat bones?

They cover and line flat bones similar to long bones. Signup and view all the answers

How do the extracellular components of bone contribute to its function?

They provide hardness and rigidity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural unit of compact bone called?

Osteon Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes cancellous bone from compact bone?

Lattice of trabeculae Signup and view all the answers

What provides the tensile strength of bone tissue?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What role do canaliculi play in cancellous bone?

Facilitate nutrient and waste exchange Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of bone contributes to its similarity in strength to cast iron?

Rigidity and lightweight nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle and lower extremity muscles?

Maintaining stability and locomotion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of intrinsic foot muscles?

Facilitating toe movements such as flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle action is NOT associated with the extrinsic foot muscles of the leg?

Flexion of the toes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'good posture' as defined in the content?

Aligns the body's center of gravity directly over its base Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction primarily occurs during the maintenance of posture?

Isometric contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is NOT functionally associated with the muscles of the lower extremity?

Spinal rotation Signup and view all the answers

The iliopsoas muscle primarily functions to perform which action?

Flex the thigh at the hip joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are responsible for walking on the toes?

Extrinsic foot muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which degree of ankle injury involves ligaments but typically does not lead to fractures?

Second-degree ankle injury Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary components of intervertebral disks?

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus Signup and view all the answers

What instrument is used to measure the range of motion (ROM) in synovial joints?

Goniometer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint movement is characterized by an increase in the angle between body parts?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of the vertebrae that allows for a flexible column?

Intervertebral disks and ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the bursae?

Bursitis Signup and view all the answers

Which movement refers to moving the foot upwards toward the shin?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint movement involves moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Trunk Muscles Overview

Includes muscles from four primary regions: thorax, abdominal wall, back, and pelvic floor.

Muscles of the Thorax

Serve to support respiratory functions and movement of the upper body.

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

Function in trunk stability, posture, and assist in respiration by controlling intra-abdominal pressure.

Muscles of the Back

Crucial for maintaining posture and facilitating movement of the spine.

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Support pelvic organs and contribute to core stability and sexual function.

Upper Extremity Muscles

Comprise muscles acting on the shoulder girdle, located both anteriorly (chest) and posteriorly (back and neck).
Enable extensive arm movement and manipulation of the upper limbs.

Skin Structure

Largest organ classified as the cutaneous membrane with two primary layers:
- Epidermis: Thin, outer layer.
- Dermis: Thicker, deeper layer.
Hypodermis: Lies beneath the dermis, providing insulation and cushioning.

Epidermis Cell Types

Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, offering protective properties.
Melanocytes: Responsible for skin pigmentation and UV light filtration.
Epidermal dendritic cells: Part of the immune response.
Tactile epithelial cells: Function as touch receptors.

Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum basale: Base layer with columnar cells.
Stratum spinosum: Cells arranged in several layers; initiates keratin production.
Stratum granulosum: Contains keratohyalin granules important for keratin formation.

Bone Structure and Function

Bone is hard, calcified, providing support and protection with strength comparable to cast iron.
Contains osteons or haversian systems which provide structure within compact bones.

Intervertebral Disks

Composed of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus, providing cushioning between vertebrae and contributing to spinal flexibility.

Joint Movements

Range of motion (ROM) can be measured actively or passively, using a goniometer.
Key types of movements include:
- Flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction

Lower Extremity Muscles

Involved in locomotion and stability maintenance.
Extrinsic muscles control movements like dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle.

Posture

Defined as the body's alignment that optimally favors function, requiring less muscular effort to maintain.
Good posture supports effective balance and reduces physical strain.

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Description

This quiz explores the key muscles of the trunk and upper extremities, including their locations and functions. It covers muscles from the thorax, abdominal wall, back, pelvic floor, and the shoulder girdle. Test your knowledge of human anatomy and the importance of these muscle groups for movement and stability.