Human Anatomy: The Tongue
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Questions and Answers

The tongue is a highly muscular organ involved in ______, taste and speech.

deglutition

The presulcal part of the tongue is located anteriorly to the ______ terminalis.

sulcus

The tongue is attached by its muscles to the hyoid bone, mandible, ______ process, soft palate, and pharyngeal wall.

styloid

The ______ surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum.

<p>inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different types of papilla on the tongue's dorsal surface are involved in the perception of ______.

<p>taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ part of the tongue lies posterior to the palatoglossal arches.

<p>postsulcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal surface of the tongue has a median longitudinal ______, which divides it along its length.

<p>sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

<p>lingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

The floor of the oral cavity is mainly formed by the muscular diaphragm, genihyoid muscles, and the ______.

<p>tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mylohyoid nerve provides innervation to the ______ muscles, which define the inferior limit of the floor of the oral cavity.

<p>mylohyoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genihyoid muscles originate from the inferior mental spine and insert into the body of the ______.

<p>hyoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the hyoid is fixed, the mylohyoid muscles can depress the ______.

<p>mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lingual frenulum is the structure that attaches the ______ to the floor of the mouth.

<p>tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lingual nerve, a branch of the ______ nerve, provides taste sensation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

<p>mandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle responsible for closing the lips is called the ______ muscle.

<p>orbicularis oris</p> Signup and view all the answers

The posterior third of the tongue receives taste information primarily through the ______ nerve.

<p>glossopharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beneath the hard and soft palate, the ______ forms the ceiling of the oral cavity.

<p>palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tongue muscles, except the palatoglossus, are all innervated by the ______ nerve.

<p>hypoglossal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ epithelium is found on the gums and hard palate and consists of stratified squamous keratinized cells.

<p>masticatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taste buds are located in the ______ epithelium found on some regions of the tongue.

<p>specialized</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ gland's ducts empty their secretions into the oral cavity proper.

<p>submandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Branches of the trigeminal nerve provide sensory information to the upper part of the oral cavity, which includes the ______.

<p>teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal surface of the lips is lined with ______ epithelium.

<p>stratified squamous non-keratinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lingual nerve is a branch of the ______ nerve.

<p>mandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle responsible for elevating the soft palate during swallowing is the ______.

<p>levator veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hard palate is primarily composed of the palatine process of the ______.

<p>maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a mobile fold that separates the oral cavity from the pharynx.

<p>soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tensor veli palatini muscle is innervated by the ______ nerve.

<p>mandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ foramen allows passage for the greater palatine artery and nerve.

<p>greater palatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The palatoglossus muscle functions to ______ the soft palate and elevate the back of the tongue.

<p>depress</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main function of the musculus uvulae is to ______ and retract the uvula.

<p>elevate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The floor of the mouth receives blood supply from branches of the ______ artery.

<p>lingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

The soft palate is covered by ______ epithelium on its oral surface.

<p>stratified squamous non-keratinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ nerve is responsible for the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

<p>chorda tympani</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ muscle is primarily responsible for the movement of the tongue.

<p>genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the part of the oral cavity that is located between the lips and teeth.

<p>vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ muscle elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing.

<p>styloglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior one-third of the tongue.

<p>glossopharyngeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ muscle acts as a sphincter for the oral cavity.

<p>orbicularis oris</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a structure that helps form the floor of the mouth.

<p>mylohyoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ tonsils are located at the back of the oral cavity.

<p>palatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ provides the main blood supply to the oral cavity.

<p>lingual artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

The submandibular salivary glands are located beneath the ______.

<p>mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First Pharyngeal Arch

Develops into the maxilla, palate, mandible, and part of the face.

Frontonasal Prominence

Forms the nasal root, dorsum (bridge), and apex (tip).

Tongue Anatomy: Oral Part

Anterior portion of the tongue, located before the sulcus terminalis.

Tongue Root

Posterior part of the tongue.

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Tongue Apex

Tip of the tongue.

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Sulcus Terminalis

V-shaped groove dividing oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue.

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Tongue Dorsum

Upper surface, top of tongue.

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Tongue Inferior Surface

Lower surface of tongue linked to mouth floor by frenulum

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What is the inferior limit of the oral cavity floor?

The mylohyoid muscles form a muscular diaphragm that defines the inferior limit of the oral cavity floor.

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What is the function of the mylohyoid muscles?

The mylohyoid muscles support and elevate the floor of the oral cavity, depress the mandible when the hyoid is fixed, and elevate and pull the hyoid forward when the mandible is fixed.

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Where is the geniohyoid muscle located?

The geniohyoid muscle is located superior to the mylohyoid muscles and inferior to the genioglossus muscles.

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What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?

The geniohyoid muscle elevates and pulls the hyoid bone forward, and depresses the mandible when the hyoid is fixed.

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What is the lingual frenulum?

The lingual frenulum attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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Digestive System

The organ system responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste.

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Alimentary Mucosa

The lining of the digestive tract, responsible for important functions like barrier, immune, secretory, and absorptive.

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MALT and GALT

Lymphoid tissues in the alimentary mucosa that fight infections.

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Oral Cavity

The mouth and its contents, including teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.

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Vestibule

The space between the lips/cheeks and teeth.

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Functions of the Oral Cavity

The oral cavity plays a role in tasting, chewing, swallowing, and speech.

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Mechanical Breakdown of Food

Chewing and swallowing are the physical processes involved in breaking down food.

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Chemical Breakdown of Food

Enzymes in saliva and digestive juices chemically break down food molecules.

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Absorption of Nutrients

Nutrients from the food are absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall.

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Elimination of Waste

Undigested food waste is expelled from the body as feces.

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Oral Cavity Proper

The central space within the mouth enclosed by dental arches, palate, tongue, and entrance to the oropharynx.

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Salivary Glands

The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands produce saliva, which aids in digestion, lubrication, and antibacterial action.

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Taste Zones of Tongue

The anterior 2/3rds of the tongue taste sweet and salty, the posterior 1/3rd tastes bitter, and the sides taste sour.

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Trigeminal Nerve (V)

The main sensory nerve for the oral cavity, supplying feeling to teeth, palate, and tongue.

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Lingual Nerve

A branch of the mandibular nerve that carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue.

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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

The main motor nerve for tongue muscles, controlling movement and speech.

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Masticatory Epithelium

The tough, keratinized epithelium found in the gums and hard palate, providing protection against chewing.

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Lining Epithelium

The thin, non-keratinized epithelium found in the cheeks, soft palate, and floor of the mouth, providing lubrication and flexibility.

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Specialized Epithelium

The unique epithelium containing taste buds found on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue.

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Orbicularis Oris

The circular muscle of the lips, important for facial expressions, speech, and eating.

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Sublingual Caruncula

A small, raised area on the floor of the mouth where the sublingual and submandibular salivary gland ducts open to release saliva.

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Floor of Mouth Blood Supply

The floor of the mouth receives blood from branches of the lingual artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery.

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Floor of Mouth Venous Drainage

Blood from the floor of the mouth drains through lingual and sublingual veins, eventually reaching the internal carotid artery via the facial vein.

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Floor of Mouth Lymphatic Drainage

Lymph from the floor of the mouth flows to submandibular and submental lymph nodes, then to deeper cervical nodes.

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Hard Palate Bones

The hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.

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Palatine Rugae

Ridges on the anterior part of the hard palate that help with grinding food.

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Incisive Papilla

A small bump on the hard palate just below the incisive foramen, where a nerve emerges.

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Palatine Raphe

A vertical seam on the hard palate where the palatine processes of the maxilla join.

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Soft Palate Muscles: Tensor Veli Palatini

This muscle tenses the soft palate, helping to control airflow and prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

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Soft Palate Muscles: Levator Veli Palatini

This muscle elevates the soft palate, closing the nasopharynx during swallowing.

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Study Notes

Digestive System

  • The digestive system processes food through mechanical and chemical breakdown, and absorption.
  • It eliminates waste products.
  • The alimentary mucosa is the surface where digestion occurs with functions like preventing harmful substances, immunologic actions (MALT and GALT), secreting enzymes, HCl, mucines, antibodies and absorbing nutrients.

Oral Cavity

  • Located inferior to the nasal cavities
  • Consists of the mouth and its contents (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, and tonsils)
  • Divided into vestibule and oral cavity proper:
    • Vestibule: the area between the lips and cheeks and teeth
    • Oral cavity proper: is enclosed by dental arches, hard and soft palate, and tongue

Important Nerves for the Oral Cavity

  • Sensory information: predominantly from the trigeminal nerve (V), with branches for maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) nerves
  • Taste sensation:
    • Anterior two-thirds of the tongue: from the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve, with fibres from the chorda tympani (facial nerve VII)
    • Posterior third of the tongue: supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve IX and vagus nerve X
  • Parasympathetic fibers for oral glands (not major salivary glands): branches of facial nerve VII and trigeminal nerve V.
  • Sympathetic innervation: comes from the spinal cord level T1, and eventually distributed with branches of trigeminal nerve V or blood vessels.

Types of Oral Mucosa

  • Lining epithelium: internal surfaces of lips, cheeks, soft palate, and floor of the mouth
  • Stratified squamous non-keratinized
  • Masticatory epithelium: gums and hard palate; stratified squamous keratinized (or parakeratinized)

Cheeks

  • Composed of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium and the buccinator muscle
  • Arterial blood supply is primarily from the buccal branch of the maxillary artery
  • Innervated by cutaneous branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and buccal branch of the mandibular division.

Floor of Oral Cavity

  • Major structures include the paired mylohyoid muscles
  • Defining the inferior limit of the cavity.
  • Also comprises the geniohyoid muscles.

Tongue

  • Attached to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum,
  • With sublingual carunculae for secretion
  • Blood supply: branches of the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery
  • Veins: drain into the facial vein and later into the internal jugular vein.
  • Lymphatic drainage: submandibular and submental nodes that later drain into the superior deep cervical nodes and inferior deep cervical nodes

Hard And Soft Palate

  • Hard palate: comprised of maxillae and palatine bones
  • Soft palate: a mobile fold with five muscles
    • Tensor veli palatini
    • Levator veli palatini
    • Palatopharyngeus
    • Palatoglossus
    • Musculus uvulae

Salivary Glands

  • Parotid gland: pure serous; largest
  • Submandibular gland: mixed but mainly serous
  • Sublingual gland: mixed but mainly mucous
  • Parotid gland:
    • Location: anterior to and below the lower part of the ear
    • Relation to surrounding structures: superficial and deep to the ramus of the mandible, extending to the lower border of the mandible. Posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid.
    • Anatomical ducts: Facial nerve VII (which exits through the stylomastoid foramen), with further division of five main branches
    • Blood Supply: external carotid artery(Posterior auricular artery, maxillary artery, temporal superficial)
  • Submandibular gland
    • Location: submandibular triangle (inferior margin of mandible, anterior belly of digastric muscle, and posterior belly of digastric muscle)
    • Anatomical ducts: Wharton duct
    • Relations: located inferior to the digastric muscles (divided into superficial and deep lobes, separated by the mylohyoid muscle)
  • Sublingual gland
    • Location: sublingual fold, under the tongue, medial to the submandibular duct.
    • Anatomical ducts:
    • Relation to surrounding structures: sublingual duct of Bartholin

Lymphatic Drainage Of The Salivary Glands

  • The parotid gland drains into preauricular nodes, then to deep cervical chain.
  • Submandibular and sublingual glands drain into submandibular nodes and further into the deep cervical chain.

Innervation of Salivary Glands

  • Intrinsic and parasympathetic are major components.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the tongue with this quiz. Questions cover aspects such as muscle attachments, sensory innervation, and different types of papillae. Ideal for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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