INTRODUCTION TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

<p>To prevent friction during heart contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automaticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sino-atrial node</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhances force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.8 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood turbulence through the valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause contraction of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blowing sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows a short delay for atrial contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grade II</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess heart conduction and identify damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Troponin I</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telemetry monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic or infarcted myocardial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart failure likely present</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary artery bypass grafting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluate myocardial capacity and ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic range of anticoagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients perform exercises under controlled conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound measurements of heart dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be influenced by skeletal muscle damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide structural support to prevent artery blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Majority of it is a passive event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid backup into the pulmonary vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The resistance the ventricles must overcome to pump blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess pressure changes within the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances visualization of vessels during imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the force of myocardial shortening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checking the catheter insertion site for excessive bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed consent prior to the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pericardium protects the heart and allows for friction-free movement during contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart has a right side that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and a left side that pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs, with two-thirds lying to the left of the midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The myocardium is responsible for the contraction of the heart, actively pumping blood due to its muscle tissue composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main components are systole, when the heart contracts to pump blood out, and diastole, when the heart relaxes to fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from different body regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The location of the apex allows for optimal orientation of the heart for effective blood pumping to the lungs and body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle is striated and interconnected, allowing for coordinated contractions and rhythmic pumping of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient may exhibit signs such as pallor, tachycardia, and hypotension. The nurse should assess vital signs and inspect for any visible bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Holter monitor records heart rhythms for 12 to 48 hours while patients go about their daily activities. It provides valuable data in conjunction with a diary to correlate symptoms with heart rhythm changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thallium scan is used to identify ischemic areas of the heart muscle by revealing 'cold spots' that indicate non-functioning tissue. This helps in diagnosing the extent of myocardial damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A BNP level above 100 pg/ml suggests the presence of heart failure, with higher levels indicating more severe conditions. This hormone is released in response to increased ventricular pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Troponin I is highly sensitive and specific to cardiac tissue, rising within hours after myocardial infarction and remaining elevated for up to three weeks. This allows for the detection of even minimal myocardial injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telemetry monitors allow for continuous monitoring of heart rhythms and electrical activity remotely. This enables healthcare providers to promptly identify dysrhythmias and other cardiac events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise-stress testing evaluates the heart's performance and responses under physical stress, helping to identify myocardial ischemia and any exercise-induced dysrhythmias. It’s instrumental in cardiac rehabilitation protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrocardiography provides a graphic depiction of the heart's electrical activity, allowing clinicians to identify conduction problems or areas of myocardial damage through analysis of the cardiac impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the recommended treatment for acute STEMI. This can include procedures like balloon angioplasty and stenting to restore blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During anticoagulant therapy, partial prothrombin time (PTT) is monitored for heparin, while INR is used for Coumadin. These tests ensure that anticoagulation remains within a therapeutic range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A coronary stent is implanted to keep the artery open by providing structural support at the site of stenosis, helping to improve blood flow to the myocardium. This is essential after procedures like PTCA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambulatory monitors are most beneficial for patients with suspected but undiagnosed cardiac issues who have normal resting rhythms. They help capture irregularities during daily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echocardiography uses ultrasound to assess the heart's size, shape, motion, and ejection fraction, which provides valuable information about cardiac function and structure in various conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac enzymes, particularly Troponin I, can reveal the extent of myocardial damage, indicating potential complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or further ischemic events. Elevated enzyme levels warrant close monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two types of valves are atrioventricular valves (prevent backflow between atria and ventricles) and semilunar valves (prevent backflow into the ventricles).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The delay allows complete contraction of the atria and provides time for the ventricles to fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and force of contraction, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heart murmur is a sound caused by turbulent blood flow through the valves, assessed by identifying its sound, location, and intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automaticity is the heart's inherent ability to contract rhythmically without external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SA node acts as the heart's pacemaker, regulating the heartbeat and initiating atrial contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main types of blood vessels are arteries (carry blood away from the heart), veins (return blood to the heart), and capillaries (exchange of nutrients and gases).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systole is the contraction phase where ventricles pump blood, while diastole is the relaxation phase that allows heart chambers to refill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purkinje fibers conduct electrical impulses to stimulate ventricular contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During exercise, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary circulation is primarily supplied by the right and left coronary arteries, which deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart murmurs are graded from I to VI based on their intensity and audibility, with Grade I being barely audible and Grade VI being the loudest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preload affects cardiac output by determining the degree of stretch of the ventricular walls, ensuring maximal myocardial fiber stretch during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afterload is the amount of resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricular diastole is primarily a passive process in which the ventricles fill with blood as the AV valves open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contractility refers to the strength of the heart's muscle contractions during systole, determining how effectively blood is pumped into the circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive end-diastolic volume in the left ventricle can lead to fluid backing up into the pulmonary vasculature, causing pulmonary congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac catheterization allows direct visualization of the heart's chambers and vessels, helping diagnose pathologies and assess pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients must be screened for allergies to the contrast medium, especially to iodine or shellfish, before undergoing an angiogram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed consent ensures patients are aware of the risks and benefits before undergoing invasive procedures like angiograms and catheterization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring vital signs after cardiac catheterization is crucial for detecting potential complications like hemorrhage or arrhythmias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluoroscopy enables real-time observation of the heart's movement and structures during various procedures, enhancing diagnostic accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neglecting post-procedure care can lead to complications such as bleeding at the catheter insertion site and compromised circulation to the extremity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to assess the contractility and cardiac efficiency by indicating how effectively the heart is pumping blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow patterns, such as laminar versus turbulent flow, can significantly alter the resistance faced by the ventricles, thereby affecting afterload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contrast dye enhances the visualization of blood vessels and heart chambers on radiographs, aiding in diagnosing vascular occlusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased systemic vascular resistance raises afterload, which can reduce cardiac output if the heart is unable to generate sufficient contractile force.</p> Signup and view all the answers