VTAC Assessment Exam

Anatomy and Physiology

• The cremaster muscle is responsible for pulling the testicles closer to the body.

Reproductive Biology

• Ovulation in cows occurs during estrus.

Endocrinology

• The corpus luteum is responsible for the release of progesterone during pregnancy.

Diagnostic Imaging

• An overexposed radiograph results in a poor-quality image.

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

• Fleet (sodium phosphate) enemas are contraindicated in cats.
• Glucocorticoid usage commonly results in iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism.
• Furosemide is used to manage congestive heart failure in dogs.

Anesthesia and Surgery

• Malignant hyperthermia is likely to occur during anesthesia in pigs.
• Swine are prone to developing malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia.
• A heavy-duty instrument, such as a DeBakey forceps, is suitable for handling heavy tissues during surgery.

Clinical Medicine

• The gestation period in mares is approximately 320-340 days.
• A 25 kg dog with 6% dehydration requires 1.5 liters of fluid to correct dehydration.
• Adult cattle have 6 upper incisors.
• The most common disease affecting digits in horses is laminitis.
• The normal body temperature of a kitten during its first 2 weeks is 96°F (35.5°C) to 97°F (36.1°C).
• Non-narcotic respiratory depression can be managed with doxapram.
• Shock treatment initially involves fluid therapy and oxygen supplementation.

Critical Care and Emergency Medicine

• The first-line treatment for an animal in shock is fluid therapy.
• An unresponsive feline to all stimuli, including pain, is described as comatose.
• In a dog experiencing status epilepticus, the first drug of choice is diazepam.
• A non-cuffed endotracheal tube is most likely to be used in a cat.

Infectious Diseases

• Nosocomial infections are hospital-acquired infections.
• Feline panleukopenia is caused by the same type of organism as canine parvovirus.

Species-Specific Information

• The length of estrus in a dog is 4-7 days.