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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the cardiac sphincter?
Which function of the stomach involves the secretion of acids and enzymes?
How does body habitus affect the position of the stomach?
What is chyme?
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What correctly describes the pyloric orifice?
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Which term describes the sharp angle at the esophagogastric junction?
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What is the primary function of the salivary glands in the digestive system?
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Which segment of the digestive system is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
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What is one of the main components used in a Double-Contrast UGI procedure?
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Which part of the digestive system connects the mouth to the stomach?
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Which condition is a clinical indication for an Upper GI examination?
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What is the role of the oral vestibule in the mouth?
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What characterizes a sliding hiatal hernia?
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Which organs are considered accessory glands in the digestive system?
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Which type of bezoar is specifically associated with trichophagia and trichotillomania?
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What is the main function of the pharynx in the digestive system?
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What is the absence of rugal folds indicative of in gastric examinations?
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What is the primary function of the pancreas?
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Which of the following terms describes the process of swallowing?
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Which anatomical structure is located below the left hemidiaphragm?
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What is the role of the spleen in the body?
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In which body habitus type is the stomach located almost horizontally?
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What is the most superior portion of the stomach?
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What connects the distal esophagus to the stomach?
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Which part of the bile duct system connects the liver to the gallbladder?
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What is the primary reason for withholding food and water before a GI series examination?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical guideline for conducting a GI series?
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What does a double-contrast study in a GI series include?
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At what point in the GI series examination is barium typically ingested?
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During which phase of breathing should the exposure for a PA stomach and duodenum be made?
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Which structure is primarily visualized in the PA stomach and duodenum projection?
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Why might a non-gas-forming laxative be administered prior to a GI series?
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What is a biphasic examination in the context of a GI series?
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What does the evaluation criterion 'stomach centered at level of pylorus' refer to?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Stomach
- The cardiac notch is the sharp angle at the esophagogastric junction.
- The cardiac orifice is the opening between the esophagus and stomach, regulated by the cardiac sphincter.
- The pyloric orifice connects the stomach to the small intestine and is controlled by the pyloric sphincter.
Position and Function of the Stomach
- Stomach position varies based on body habitus:
- Hypersthenic individuals have a higher, more horizontal stomach.
- Asthenic individuals have a lower, more midline stomach.
- Primary functions of the stomach include:
- Storage of food during digestion.
- Secretion of acids, enzymes, and chemicals for food breakdown.
- Mechanical food breakdown through churning and peristalsis.
- Formation of chyme, which is the semi-liquid mass of partially digested food.
Digestive System Components
- The digestive system consists of two main parts:
- Accessory glands: Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
- Alimentary canal: Composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Mouth Anatomy
- The mouth, or oral cavity, is the first division of the digestive system.
- It is enclosed by dental arches and receives saliva from salivary glands.
- Divided into:
- Oral vestibule: Space between teeth and cheeks.
- Oral cavity (mouth proper): Located between dental arches.
Pancreas and Spleen Functions
- The pancreas has a head, neck, body, and tail, functioning as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, producing insulin and glucagon in the Islets of Langerhans.
- The spleen is part of the lymphatic system, producing lymphocytes and storing red blood cells, located below the left hemidiaphragm behind the stomach.
Radiographic Procedures
- Upper GI series involves fluoroscopic and serial radiographic studies to evaluate the distal esophagus, stomach, and part of the small intestine using barium contrast.
- Procedures require patient preparation: fasting for 8-9 hours, and ensuring the stomach is empty.
- Single-contrast and double-contrast studies differ in the materials used; double-contrast includes gas-producing substances.
Essential Radiographic Projections
- Key projections for the stomach and duodenum include:
- PA (Posteroanterior)
- PA oblique
- AP (Anteroposterior) oblique
- Lateral (mediolateral)
- AP
Evaluation Criteria for PA Stomach and Duodenum
- Ensure the entire stomach and duodenal loop are visualized.
- Confirm stomach positioning at the level of the pylorus and check for lack of rotation.
- Assess penetration of the contrast medium and surrounding anatomy.
Clinical Indications for Upper GI Imaging
- Conditions such as peptic ulcers, hiatal hernias, gastritis, tumors, and diverticula may necessitate upper GI imaging.
- Specific imaging techniques help visualize abnormalities in gastric function and contour.
Important Definitions
- Chyme: Altered food that exits the stomach.
- Mastication: The process of chewing.
- Deglutition: The act of swallowing.
- Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the anatomy of the stomach, including the cardiac notch, orifices, and sphincters involved in its functioning. Test your knowledge about the stomach's entrances and exits, and how they are controlled by various muscles. It's an essential topic for understanding the digestive system.
