Human Anatomy: Digestive System Quiz

The stomach performs both mechanical and chemical digestion to break down the bolus (food mass) into smaller pieces.

The stomach's muscular walls (longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers) contract and relax, mixing and churning the food, breaking it into smaller pieces.

Gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen, are secreted in the stomach. These juices chemically break down proteins and other substances.

Chyme is the partially digested, thick, pasty mixture formed in the stomach when the bolus mixes with gastric juices.

The stomach is divided into four regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The pyloric sphincter controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.

The greater curvature is the outer curve of the stomach, while the lesser curvature is the inner curve. The stomach's inner surface has folds called rugae that increase surface area for digestion.

The greater omentum is a large, apron-like fold of peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs.

The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and the proximal end of the small intestine.

Heartburn is caused by acid reflux, where stomach acid travels up the esophagus, irritating its lining.

The three common causes of heartburn are a weakened lower esophageal sphincter, a hiatal hernia, and increased pressure in the stomach.

The small intestine completes chemical digestion and absorbs most nutrients.

The three segments are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

The duodenum receives bile to emulsify fat and pancreatic secretions for further digestion.

The jejunum is where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur.

The ileum connects to the large intestine, controlled by a sphincter called the ileocecal valve.

Villi are microscopic finger-like projections on the surface of the small intestine's folds, while microvilli are smaller projections on the surface of the villi.

Longitudinal muscle bundles in the large intestine that cause it to bunch up into sacs called haustra.

Sac-like pouches in the large intestine formed by the contraction of teniae coli.

The first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

A small, finger-like projection extending from the cecum; its function is unclear, but it may help with immune activity.

The part of the large intestine that ascends on the right side of the abdomen, reaching the liver.

The sharp bend where the ascending colon turns to the left, located near the liver.

The part of the large intestine that crosses the abdomen horizontally, from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure.

The part of the large intestine that descends on the left side of the abdomen, leading to the sigmoid colon.

The development of small, pouch-like sacs (diverticula) along the wall of the colon.

Inflammation of the diverticula, often caused by a low-fiber diet and trapped food.

The liver filters toxins from the blood, breaks down old red blood cells, and produces bile.

The liver is primarily located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen.

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, which helps digest fats in the small intestine.

A network of ducts that transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

The pancreas has two main functions: producing hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine), and producing digestive enzymes (exocrine).

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine.

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells.

The three main types of jaundice are:

1. Obstructive jaundice: Occurs when bile ducts are blocked, preventing bile from leaving the liver and backing up into the bloodstream.
2. Hemolytic jaundice: Results from the rapid breakdown of red blood cells, producing more bilirubin than the liver can process.
3. Physiologic jaundice: Common in newborns, where the liver is still immature and cannot efficiently remove bilirubin.

The stomach is a muscular organ that mixes food with gastric juices, breaking it down mechanically and chemically. It also stores food temporarily and controls its passage into the small intestine

Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, like chewing or the stomach's muscular contractions. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down food molecules into simpler substances, like the breakdown of proteins by pepsin in the stomach.

The small intestine is divided into three sections:

1. Duodenum: The first and shortest section, responsible for receiving digestive juices from the pancreas and liver.
2. Jejunum: The middle section where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.
3. Ileum: The final section, connecting to the large intestine and absorbing any remaining nutrients

The small intestine has several features that maximize its efficiency in digestion and absorption:

1. Circular folds (plicae circulares): Folds in the intestinal lining that slow down the movement of chyme and increase surface area.
2. Villi: Tiny finger-like projections on the folds, further increasing surface area for absorption.
3. Microvilli: Microscopic projections on the surface of villi, maximizing the surface area for absorption

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, forms feces, and stores feces until elimination. It contains beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and vitamin production.

The liver produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fats and breaks down toxins. It also stores glucose, makes proteins, and filters waste products from the blood