Human Anatomy - Skull and Cranium
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Questions and Answers

What structure is located above the orbits?

  • Superciliary arch (correct)
  • Frontal tuber
  • Frontal notch
  • Glabella

The frontal notch/foramen is always present above the orbits.

False (B)

What is the flattened area above the nasal root called?

Glabella

The _____ part of the frontal bone contains paired large elevations with ossification centers.

<p>squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their descriptions:

<p>Frontal tuber = Paired large elevations containing ossification centers Superciliary arch = Paired arches located above the orbits Glabella = Flattened area above the nasal root Frontal notch = Notch above the orbit, occasionally present</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is contained within the groove for the superior sagittal sinus?

<p>Superior sagittal sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arachnoid granulations are also known as Pacchionian granulations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the impressions on the internal surface formed by arachnoid granulations called?

<p>Arachnoid granulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

The groove for the middle meningeal artery is also referred to as the ______.

<p>sulcus arteriae meningeae mediae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Arachnoid granulations = Pouches of arachnoid that project into dural venous sinuses Superior sagittal sinus = A major venous channel running along the midline Middle meningeal artery = Supplies blood to the meninges Pacchionian granulations = Another term for arachnoid granulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trochlear spine primarily associated with?

<p>Attachment of the trochlea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trochlear spine is found in more than 50% of the population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the orbit to the anterior cranial fossa?

<p>Orbitocranial canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lacrimal fossa is located on the ______ part of the roof of the orbit.

<p>lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foramina connect the orbit with the ethmoidal air cells?

<p>Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trochlear fovea contains the trochlear spine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the orbit is the trochlear fovea located?

<p>Orbital part</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the facial nerve enter the temporal bone?

<p>Area facialis of the internal acoustic meatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mastoid part of the temporal bone runs ventrolaterally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve?

<p>Geniculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fundamental pathway of the facial nerve includes the tympanic part running _____ to the long axis of the petrosal part.

<p>dorsolaterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the temporal bone with their functions:

<p>Labyrinthine part = Runs ventrolaterally above the cochlea Tympanic part = Runs dorsolaterally to the tympanic cavity Mastoid part = Contains canals for stapedius nerve Greater petrosal nerve = Leaves at the geniculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tympanic part come into contact with?

<p>Medial and upper walls of the tympanic cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stylomastoid foramen transmits only the facial nerve.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification does the ethmoidal bone develop by?

<p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is transmitted through the foramen ovale?

<p>Mandibular nerve (n.V3) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The petrosal foramen is primarily for the passage of the greater petrosal nerve.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle originates from the lateral plate of the pterygoid process?

<p>Inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx.

<p>auditory tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following foramina with their respective contents:

<p>Foramen ovale = Mandibular nerve Foramen spinosum = Middle meningeal vessels Petrosal foramen = Lesser petrosal nerve Sphenoidal emissary foramen = Sphenoidal emissary vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transmitted through the foramen spinosum?

<p>Middle meningeal vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medial pterygoid muscle originates from the pterygoid fossa.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pterygoid canal?

<p>Transmits vessels and nerve of the pterygoid canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ surface of the sphenoid bone faces the cerebrum.

<p>cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following surfaces is NOT associated with the sphenoid bone?

<p>Nasal surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vaginal process forms the palatovaginal canal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one feature of the pterygoid process.

<p>Lateral plate or Medial plate or Pterygoid notch or Pterygoid fossa or Scaphoid fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ margin is a part of the margins of the sphenoid bone.

<p>zygomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nasal concha is an independent bone?

<p>Inferior nasal concha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The posterior ethmoidal cells open into the middle nasal meatus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures divide the nasal cavity into the nasal meati?

<p>Nasal conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ nasal concha is located most superior in the nasal cavity.

<p>superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nasal structures with their respective descriptions:

<p>Superior nasal concha = Located most superior in the nasal cavity Middle nasal concha = A part of the lateral nasal wall Inferior nasal concha = An independent bone Uncinate process = Connects middle nasal concha to the inferior nasal concha</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the inferior nasal meatus from the middle nasal meatus?

<p>Inferior nasal concha (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The uncinate process is a projection of the inferior nasal concha.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

<p>To divide the nasal cavity into nasal meati</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frontal Bone Parts

The frontal bone is divided into a squamous part, nasal part, and two orbital parts.

Frontal Tuber

Paired large elevations on the external surface of the frontal bone.

Superciliary Arch

Paired arches above the orbits on the external surface of the frontal bone.

Supraorbital Margin

Superior border of the eye socket (orbit).

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Supraorbital Notch/Foramen

Notch or foramen above the orbit (eye socket), sometimes present.

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Lacrimal fossa

A fossa on the lateral part of the orbit's roof, housing the lacrimal gland.

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Trochlear fovea

A fossa that holds the trochlear spine.

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Trochlear spine

Cartilaginous pulley attached to the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle.

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Orbital part (pars orbitalis)

Component of a specific structure related to the eye socket

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Anterior ethmoidal foramen

Opening connecting orbit to anterior ethmoidal cells.

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Posterior ethmoidal foramen

Opening connecting orbit to posterior ethmoidal cells.

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Orbitocranial canal

Canal connecting the orbit to the anterior cranial fossa.

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Orbitoethmoidal canal

Canal connecting orbit to ethmoidal air cells.

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Superior Sagittal Sinus Groove

A groove on the internal surface of the parietal bone that houses the superior sagittal sinus, a major blood vessel in the brain.

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Middle Meningeal Artery Groove

A groove on the internal surface of the parietal bone containing the middle meningeal artery, which supplies blood to the meninges.

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Arachnoid Granulations

Pouch-like structures on the arachnoid membrane that protrude into the dural sinuses, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to drain into the bloodstream.

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Pacchionian Granulations

Another name for arachnoid granulations, named after the Italian anatomist Antonio Pacchioni who first described them.

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What drains cerebrospinal fluid into the bloodstream?

Arachnoid granulations, also known as Pacchionian granulations, are pouch-like structures that protrude into the dural sinuses, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to drain into the bloodstream.

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Posterior ethmoidal cells

Air-filled cavities within the ethmoid bone that open into the superior nasal meatus

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Superior nasal meatus

Narrow passageway located between the superior nasal concha and the roof of the nasal cavity

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Nasal conchae

Three bony projections that extend into the nasal cavity, increasing its surface area and enhancing airflow

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What are the three nasal conchae?

The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

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Uncinate process

Hook-like projection on the medial side of the middle nasal concha that extends downward toward the inferior nasal concha

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What does the inferior nasal concha do?

It separates the inferior nasal meatus from the middle nasal meatus, creating two distinct passages

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Inferior nasal meatus

The largest passageway in the nasal cavity, located below the inferior nasal concha

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Middle nasal meatus

Passageway in the nasal cavity located between the middle and inferior nasal conchae

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Foramen ovale

Opening in sphenoid bone, transmits mandibular nerve (V3) and venous plexus.

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Foramen spinosum

Opening in sphenoid bone, transmits middle meningeal vessels and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (V3).

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Petrosal foramen

Variable opening in sphenoid bone, for lesser petrosal nerve.

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Sphenoidal emissary foramen

Variable opening for sphenoidal emissary vein.

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Sulcus of auditory tube

Groove in sphenoid bone, houses auditory tube (connecting middle ear to nasopharynx).

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Pterygoid process (lateral plate)

Part of sphenoid, origin of inferior head of lateral pterygoid muscle.

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Pterygoid process (medial plate)

Part of sphenoid, attachment of pharyngobasilar fascia & superior constrictor of pharynx.

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Pterygoid hamulus

Hook-like process of pterygoid process, pulley for tensor veli palatini tendon.

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Pterygoid fossa

Depression between lateral and medial pterygoid plates; origin for medial pterygoid muscle.

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Scaphoid fossa

Cranial to pterygoid fossa, origin of tensor veli palatini.

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Pterygoid canal

Canal in sphenoid, transmits pterygoid canal vessels and nerve.

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Vaginal process

Prominence under sphenoid body, forms palatovaginal canal for pharyngeal nerve and vessels.

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Cerebral surface (sphenoid)

Surface of sphenoid bone facing the brain.

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Temporal surface (sphenoid)

Surface of sphenoid bone facing the temporal bone.

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Orbital surface (sphenoid)

Surface of sphenoid bone facing the orbit.

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Facial Nerve Pathway

The facial nerve traverses through the temporal bone, beginning at the internal acoustic meatus and exiting at the stylomastoid foramen. It passes through different segments: labyrinthine, geniculum, tympanic, and mastoid.

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Geniculate Ganglion

A collection of nerve cell bodies of the facial nerve located within the geniculum segment of the temporal bone, where the canal makes a 90° turn.

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Greater Petrosal Nerve

A branch of the facial nerve exiting the temporal bone through a small canal along with the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery.

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Tympanic Part of Facial Nerve

The segment of the facial nerve running parallel to the long axis of the petrosal part of the temporal bone, located between the medial and upper walls of the tympanic cavity.

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Prominence of Facial Canal

A bulge on the mastoid antrum created by the facial nerve as it turns downwards, marking its location.

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Mastoid Part of Facial Nerve

The segment of the facial nerve running caudally in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity.

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Pyramidal Eminence

A small bony projection in the mastoid part of the facial nerve, containing the nerve to the stapedius muscle.

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Stylomastoid Foramen

The exit point of the facial nerve from the temporal bone, where it also allows passage for the stylomastoid vessels.

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Study Notes

Skull - Cranium

  • The neurocranium, or "brain case," protects the brain and its associated sensory organs.
  • The neurocranium is divided into the cranial vault and the cranial base.
  • The viscerocranium (facial skeleton) surrounds and protects the digestive and respiratory system's proximal parts.

Overview of Skull Bones

  • Neurocranium:
    • Parietal bone
    • Frontal bone
    • Occipital bone
    • Temporal bone
    • Sphenoid bone
    • Ethmoid bone
  • Viscerocranium:
    • Lacrimal bone
    • Nasal bone
    • Vomer
    • Inferior nasal concha
    • Zygomatic bone
    • Palatine bone
    • Maxilla
    • Mandible
    • Hyoid bone

Frontal Bone

  • Develops through intramembranous ossification.
  • Contains the frontal sinus.
  • Composed of a squamous part, nasal part, and two orbital parts.
  • Key features include the frontal tuber, superciliary arch, glabella, supra-orbital margin, zygomatic process, temporal line, and grooves for the superior sagittal sinus and frontal crest (attachment of the falx cerebri).
  • Contains the frontal notch/foramen and supra-orbital notch/foramen for nerve and vessel transmission.
  • The frontal sinus develops in children after their first year of life.
  • The frontal foramen and supra-orbital foramen are variable openings.
  • Gyral impressions indicate cerebral gyri.

Occipital Bone

  • Develops predominantly through endochondral ossification.
  • Composed of four main parts.
  • Crucial for cranial base formation.
  • Key features include the foramen magnum, basilar part, lateral parts, and the squamous part (a portion of which forms part of the cranial vault).
  • Contains the occipital condyles for articulation with the atlas, condylar fossa, hypoglossal canal, jugular notch, and jugular process.

Sphenoid Bone

  • Develops predominantly by endochondral ossification.
  • Contains the sphenoidal sinus.
  • Composed of a body and three paired projections: greater wing, lesser wing, and pterygoid process.
  • Connects middle cranial fossa to surrounding spaces via various foramina.
  • Contains the sella turcica(hypophysial fossa) that houses the pituitary gland, and other foramina.
  • Important features include the sella turcica, hypophysial fossa, and carotid sulcus.
  • Clinical note; The pterion is a weak point prone to injuries.

Temporal Bone

  • Composed of squamous, tympanic, and petrous parts that develop via intramembranous ossification (squamous and tympanic) and endochondral ossification (petrous, styloid and mastoid processes).
  • Contains the middle and inner ear.
  • Important features include squamous part's parietal and sphenoidal borders, zygomatic process (includes the articular surface and articular tubercle for the temporomandibular joint), tympanic part (the bony portion of the external acoustic meatus, tympanic ring forming part of the external auditory canal), and petrous part (housing inner ear structures).
  • The facial canal (for the facial nerve) runs through the temporal.

Parietal Bone

  • Develops through intramembranous ossification.
  • Important features include grooves for the superior sagittal sinus and middle meningeal artery, plus the parietal eminence.
  • Its margins articulate with adjacent bones (occipital, temporal, frontal).

Zygomatic Bone and Other Viscerocranial Bones

  • Zygomatic bone develops via intramembranous ossification.
  • Located in the face, comprising parts of the skull.
  • Lacrimal, nasal, and vomer bones contribute to the skull's facial structures, and their development is also predominantly intramembranous.

Hyoid Bone

  • Unpaired bone in the neck, between the mandible and the larynx.

  • Develops via enchondral ossification.

Skull of Newborn

  • Compared to adults, newborns present with a large neurocranium and smaller viscerocranium.
  • Key features include fontanelles, which are gaps in the sutures filled with ligaments, allowing for cranial growth.
  • Fontanelles include: anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid.
  • Cranial sutures are not fused in newborns, allowing for expansion during growth.

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Description

This quiz covers the structure and function of the human skull, specifically focusing on the neurocranium and viscerocranium. It delves into various skull bones, including their development and key features. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the brain case and facial skeleton.

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