Human Anatomy Reproductive System Quiz

Male Reproductive System

• Key focus is on important male organs and functions
• Presentation followed by quizzes
• Asst. Prof. A. Taha Demirbaş assisted in course

Sexual Reproduction

• Two parents produce unique offspring
• Gametes include sperm (small, motile, primarily DNA) and egg (large, nutrient-rich)
• Humans are classified by chromosomes: XY (male) and XX (female)
• Combining chromosomes creates different offspring

Reproductive System Overview

• Egg passes through fallopian tube.
• The male system produces and delivers sperm within 128 days.
• The female system produces eggs and receives sperm to facilitate fertilization.
• The female system harbors the fetus, gives birth to the offspring and nourishes.
• Kidneys constantly generate new sperm for adolescence.
• The female system has storage areas for sperm.
• The male reproductive system has storage areas for sperm.

Reproductive System Overview (Page 4)

• Male and Female primary sex organs (Gonads): testes and ovaries respectively
• Male secondary sex organs: ducts, glands, penis (for storage, survival, and transport of sperm).
• Female secondary sex organs: uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (for fertilization and fetal development).

Classification by Location:

• External genitalia: located in the perineum and visible (e.g., penis, vulva)
• Internal genitalia: located in the pelvic cavity (e.g., uterus, ovaries), except for the testes and scrotal ducts in males.
• The location of male and female organs are analogous to each other

Male Genital Organs

• Bladder, urethra, and other components (details not exhaustive)

Male Perineum

• Details on the region's anatomical areas and structures

Scrotum

• Houses the testes
• Divided into two compartments

Scrotum

• Controls testicular temperature to 35°C.
• Mechanisms include cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus.

Testis

• Oval organs (4 cm x 3 cm x 2.5 cm)
• Covered by tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea.
• Divided into lobules (200-300).
• Each lobule contains seminiferous tubules for sperm production

Testis

• Testicular artery supplies blood.
• Pampiniform plexus cools arterial blood.
• Veins drain into right: inferior vena cava, or left: left renal vein.

Ducts

• Efferent Ductules: 12 small ducts on the posterior testis.
• Duct of Epididymis: Sperm maturation and storage (40-60 days), unused sperm reabsorbed
• Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens): Muscular tube (45 cm long) leading from epididymis.
• Ejaculatory Duct: Formed by union of vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct.
• Urethra: Shared by urinary and reproductive systems (prostatic, membranous, and spongy regions).
• Prevent urine from mixing with semen during ejaculation.

Accessory Glands

• Seminal Vesicles: Secrete fluid into ejaculatory ducts
• Prostate Gland: Surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts
• Bulbourethral Glands: Near penile bulb, lubricate penis, neutralize residual urine acidity

Penis

• Deposits semen into the vagina.
• External parts: shaft and glans
• Internal parts: root, corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa.
• Blood supply from internal pudendal arteries.
• Erection via deep arteries dilating, filling lacunar spaces, swelling & elongation.

Female Reproductive System

• Section focusing on the female reproductive system.

Ovarium

• Produces egg cells and sex hormones
• Measurements are approximately 3 cm x 1.5 cm x 1 cm.
• Divides into Medulla and Cortex

Ovarium

• Supported by Ovarian ligament, Suspensory ligament, and Mesovarium
• Receives blood from ovarian branches of the uterine artery, and ovarian artery via the suspensory ligament.
• Oogenesis, egg production involving meiosis to produce haploid gametes

Ovarium

• Differs from spermatogenesis as it is a rhythmic ovarian cycle instead of continuous production.
• Produces one functional gamete (functional gamete).

Ovarium

• Ovulation occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle.
• Follicle ruptures, releasing oocyte.
• Corpus luteum formation, secreting progesterone, preparing uterus for pregnancy.
• Involusion if no pregnancy (corpus albicans).
• Ovarian cycle events synchronize with changes in uterine histology.

Uterine Tubes

• Canal connecting ovary to uterus
• Parts including: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, mesosalpinx.
• Function: propel oocyte toward uterus via cilia and muscular contractions

Uterus

• Thick, muscular chamber, tilts forward over bladder.
• Function: harboring fetus during pregnancy, providing nutrition (via placenta), and expelling fetus at gestation's end.
• Shaped like a pear with fundus, body, and cervix.

Uterus

• Supported by layers and muscles (e.g., broad ligament, mesometrium, cardinal ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, round ligaments.)
• Peritoneal pouches (vesicouterine and rectouterine).

Uterus

• Supplied by uterine arteries, branching from internal iliacs.
• Arcuate arteries, distributing blood to the myometrium and endometrium (including spiral arteries).

Uterus

• Proliferative phase: endometrium buildup after menstruation.
• Secretory phase: endometrium thickens under progesterone influence.
• Premenstrual phase: Corpus luteum degenerates causing ischemia and necrosis (stratum functionalis).
• Menstrual phase: shedding of the endometrial lining.

Vagina

• 8-10 cm tube
• Three layers: adventitia, muscularis, mucosa.
• Lacks glands, lubricated by transudation and cervical mucus.
• Roles in discharge and intercourse.
• Rugae: transverse ridges enhancing stimulation.
• Epithelium: simple cuboidal to stratified squamous.
• Produces glycogen influencing low pH for pathogen inhibition.

External Genitalia

• Vulva (pudendum), a group of structures.
• Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris.

Homologous Organs

• Similar structures from same embryonic tissues, adapting to different reproductive functions.