Biology Unit III - Reproductive System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

To house and regulate temperature for sperm production (correct)

To transport mature sperm to the ejaculatory ducts

To produce sperm

To secrete a fructose-rich fluid

What role do seminal vesicles play in the male reproductive system?

They produce a fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm (correct)

They secrete enzymes that maintain semen fluidity

They produce sperm

They transport sperm to the epididymis

Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for the maturation and storage of sperm?

Epididymis (correct)

Prostate gland

Ductus deferens

Seminiferous tubules

Which organ is considered the primary reproductive organ in males?

Testes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the ductus deferens do during ejaculation?

Transports mature sperm to the ejaculatory ducts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?

To add enzymes and citric acid to semen for fluidity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What part of the male reproductive system anchors the penis to the pelvic floor?

Root (C) Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does sperm production begin in males?

During puberty (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the latency period for HIV before noticeable symptoms appear?

5-10 years (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about herpes outbreaks?

They can recur and be managed with antiviral medications. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bodily fluids are known to transmit HIV?

Semen, vaginal fluid, blood, and breast milk (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endocrine glands in the body?

To secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone-related role is performed by the hypothalamus?

Secretes hormones that influence other glands. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of the late stage of AIDS?

Chronic low-grade fever, fatigue, and weight loss (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which notable individual is known to have died from complications related to AIDS?

Isaac Asimov (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus?

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the adrenal glands located?

On top of the kidneys (B) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily released by the thyroid gland?

Thyroxine (T4) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of insulin?

Regulating blood sugar levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced in the ovaries?

Progesterone (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the hormones secreted by the pancreas?

Glucagon (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone released by the pituitary gland affects growth?

Growth hormone (GH) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for melatonin production?

Pineal gland (A) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the testes in men?

Testosterone (A) Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit III - Living Things and Their Environment

This unit covers living things and their environment.

Coordinated Functions of the Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous Systems

Diagrams of the body's major organs are shown.

Reproductive System

The male and female reproductive systems are shown.

Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is a network of external and internal organs. They function to produce, support, transport, and deliver viable sperm.

Parts of the Male Reproductive System

Penis: The primary organ for sexual intercourse and urination. It has three parts: the root, the body (shaft), and the glans (tip).
Scrotum: A fibromuscular sac that houses the testes and maintains optimal temperature for sperm production through thermoregulation.
Testes: Oval-shaped glands located within the scrotum. Responsible for producing sperm through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubules: Large, coiled tubes that are the chief site for sperm production.
Epididymis: A coiled tube attached to each testicle where sperm mature and are stored until ejaculation.
Ductus (Vas) deferens: A muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts during ejaculation.
Seminal vesicles: Produce a fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm and contributes to semen volume.
Prostate gland: Adds enzymes and citric acid to semen, maintaining its fluidity and supporting sperm viability.
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands: Secretions lubricate the urethra and neutralize residual acidity from urine.

Parts of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)

Diagrams providing details of the male reproductive system's parts and their functions.

Male Hormones and Functions

Luteinizing hormones (LH): Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates testosterone production (a sex hormone).
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Also secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules.
Testosterone: Produced by Leydig cells. Responsible for secondary male characteristics (deepening voice, facial hair, broadening of shoulders, and increase in muscle mass) during puberty

Female Reproductive System

This system includes parts of the female body involved in fertility, reproduction, and sex.

Parts of the Female Reproductive System

Ovaries: Two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. Produce female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), store eggs to mature.
Fallopian tubes: Two thin tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus. Allow the egg to travel to the uterus.
Uterus: A hollow, pear-shaped organ that holds a fetus during pregnancy. The lining thickens with blood and other substances every month.
Cervix: The lower part of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina. Prevents foreign materials from entering the uterus.
Vagina: A muscular tube connecting the cervix to the outside of the body.
Vulva: Collective name for the external parts of the female reproductive system. Includes the labia majora, labia minora, vaginal opening, and clitoris.

Parts of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)

Detailed descriptions and diagrams of female reproductive system structures.

The Onset of Mature Egg Cell Production in Females

Mature egg cell production starts around ages 11-14.
Menarche refers to the first discharge of blood from the vagina.
A normal adult female releases a mature egg cell from one of her ovaries each month.
Gestation/Pregnancy refers to the nourishment and protection of a fertilized egg for nine months.

Egg Production

Females are born with approximately 2,000,000 eggs, but only 400,000 will reach puberty.
Hormonal changes during puberty enable one immature egg to complete development each month.
In a female's lifetime, only 300-500 egg cells reach maturity.
Ova (singular: ovum) is the term for mature egg cells released by the ovaries every month

The Ovarian Cycle

A series of changes in the ovaries. Prepares for ovulation and egg release.
The ovarian cycle spans about 28 days, but varies among females.
Ovulation is the monthly release of an ovum from an ovary.
The ovarian cycle occurs in two phases: follicular and luteal.

The Follicular Phase

During this phase, hormones regulate the completion of egg maturation.
The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones (FSH and LH) into the bloodstream, triggering follicle growth and estrogen production.
Estrogen aids in ovarian follicle growth.
Ovulation occurs when the follicle bursts.

Egg Cell Maturation

Egg cells mature within follicles inside the ovary.
A follicle is a cluster of cells surrounding an immature egg cell.

The Luteal Phase

After ovulation, the luteal phase begins.
Luteinizing hormones stimulate the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Progesterone signals the body to prepare for fertilization.

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle describes the sequence of events in the body as it prepares for pregnancy monthly.
The cycle is controlled by changing levels of estrogen and progesterone during the ovarian cycle.
The menstrual cycle begins on the first day of menstruation and ends on the first day of the next menstrual period.
A typical cycle lasts about 28 days, although it varies slightly among individuals.

The Menstrual Cycle (cont.)

Before and after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone increase, thickening the uterus lining.
If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels decrease, causing the uterine lining to shed or menstruate.
Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining, a mixture of blood and discarded tissues leave the body.

Diagrams and Charts:

Diagrams and charts show the different stages of the reproductive cycle, including hormone levels and menstrual phases.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Covers prevention, detection, and treatment of STDs.

Gonorrhea

Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Bacteria invade the epithelial lining of the vagina and the male urethra causing a pus-like discharge.
Can affect the rectum, eyes, throat, and joints.
Can affect babies born to infected mothers.

Syphilis

Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
Symptoms and stages: chancre, fever, skin rash.
Untreated syphilis can lead to complications, including neurological damage.
Congenital syphilis can occur if an infected mother passes it on to her baby.
Antibiotics are used to treat early-stage syphilis.

Genital Herpes

Caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Characterized by painful and itching blisters in the genital area.
Sores typically heal in about two weeks, but outbreaks could recur.
Antiviral medications help manage outbreaks.

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
HIV attacks the body's immune system.
Symptoms may not appear for 5-10 years after infection.
AIDS related symptoms might include weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, chronic fever, fatigue, and night sweats.
AIDS can lead to opportunistic infections in the later stages of the disease.
There is no cure for AIDS, though treatment can help delay the onset of complications.
AIDS is transmitted through contact with body fluids like semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk.

Endrocrine System

The endocrine system consists of glands that produce hormones controlling body functions.
Examples include reproduction, metabolism, growth, and responses.

Glands of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus: Connects brain to the hormonal system and regulates the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland: The "master gland" controlling other endocrine glands such as thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, and testes. It releases hormones created by the hypothalamus.
Thyroid gland: Located in the neck. Influences metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, and calcium levels.
Parathyroid glands: Small glands in the neck that regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Adrenal glands: Located atop the kidneys, influence body stress response, blood pressure control, and metabolism.
Pineal gland: Located in the brain, influencing the body's circadian rhythm.
Pancreas: Located behind the stomach and under the liver, regulating blood sugar levels.
Gonads: Include ovaries (in women) and testes (in men). Produce hormones affecting reproduction and other body functions.

Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers. They're released by the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions like development, reproduction, storing and using energy, and regulating internal processes.

Hormone Regulation

The body produces more than 40 types of hormones.
Feedback mechanisms regulate the amount of hormones by monitoring chemical amounts in the blood. Positive feedback increases production, and negative feedback brings amounts to normal levels.

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Description

This quiz covers Unit III, focusing on the living things and their environment. It includes detailed information about the male reproductive system, including diagrams and descriptions of its major parts, such as the penis, scrotum, and testes. Test your knowledge on the coordinated functions of the reproductive, endocrine, and nervous systems.