Human Anatomy Quiz: Gastrointestinal System
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Questions and Answers

Which peptides are classified as gut-brain peptides?

  • Both A and B (correct)
  • Substance P and secretin
  • Acetylcholine and serotonin
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide and neuropeptide Y

What initiates the receptive-relaxation response in the stomach?

  • Acidic content in the stomach
  • Swallowing center of the pons
  • Hormonal signaling from the pancreas
  • Stretching of the stomach from food (correct)

What is the role of pacemaker cells in the stomach?

  • Stimulating appetite in the brain
  • Facilitating nutrient absorption
  • Regulating gastric acid secretion
  • Controlling the rhythm of peristaltic contractions (correct)

What occurs during the strong contractions at the pyloric region?

<p>Mixing of food with gastric juice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often do gentle ripples of contraction occur in the stomach?

<p>Every 20 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile secreted by the liver?

<p>Contribute to digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the left and right lobes of the liver?

<p>Falciform ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the hepatic portal vein enter the liver?

<p>At the porta hepatis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the liver in a healthy adult?

<p>1.4 kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the liver is located posterior to the quadrate lobe?

<p>Caudate lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium covers the mucosa of the stomach?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the duodenum?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the stomach consists of three muscle arrangements?

<p>Muscularis externa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the blood from the stomach first go after being drained?

<p>To the hepatic portal circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gastric rugae?

<p>Facilitate storage in the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation to the stomach?

<p>Vagus nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance do the apical regions of the epithelial cells in the stomach secrete?

<p>Mucin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary blood supply to the stomach?

<p>Celiac trunk branches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial action of the tongue during the buccal phase of swallowing?

<p>It collects food and presses it against the palate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain coordinates the swallowing reflex?

<p>Brainstem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lower esophageal sphincter when a bolus reaches it?

<p>It relaxes to admit the bolus to the stomach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the bolus enter the laryngopharynx?

<p>Pharyngeal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves communicate with the muscles involved in swallowing?

<p>Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the bolus of ingested matter passes down the esophagus?

<p>The upper esophagus constricts above the bolus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many muscles are involved in the complex action of swallowing?

<p>22 muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the pharyngeal phase of swallowing to be initiated?

<p>Tactile receptors being stimulated in the laryngopharynx. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sympathetic nerve stimulation in gastric function?

<p>Inhibits gastric activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the cephalic phase of gastric function, which of the following triggers gastric secretion?

<p>The taste of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the gastric phase, how much of the total gastric secretion occurs?

<p>Two-thirds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is activated by stretching the stomach during the gastric phase?

<p>Short reflex via myenteric plexus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vagus nerve fibers during the cephalic phase?

<p>Stimulate the enteric nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased pH levels on gastric activity during the gastric phase?

<p>Stimulates gastric activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain relays signals to regulate gastric secretion during the cephalic phase?

<p>Medulla oblongata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What predominantly occurs during the gastric phase?

<p>Gastric activity activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the root of the tongue during the pharyngoesophageal phase of swallowing?

<p>To block the oral cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the actions preventing food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing?

<p>Tongue blocks oral cavity, larynx is pulled up, soft palate rises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates peristalsis when the bolus enters the esophagus?

<p>Stretching of the esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it generally take for liquid to reach the stomach after swallowing?

<p>1 to 2 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is responsible for driving the food bolus downward during swallowing?

<p>Pharyngeal constrictors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing?

<p>To relax and allow food to pass into the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of peristalsis in the esophagus?

<p>It allows swallowing regardless of body position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pharyngoesophageal phase?

<p>To prevent food from entering the wrong passageways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Esophagus Function

The esophagus moves food from the pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis.

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions moving food along the digestive tract.

Swallowing (Deglutition)

Complex process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach, involving multiple muscles.

Buccal Phase of Swallowing

The voluntary phase of swallowing, where the tongue pushes food backward in the mouth.

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Swallowing Center in Medulla

Brain area that coordinates the muscles for swallowing.

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Bolus

A rounded mass of food swallowed.

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Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A muscular ring that prevents stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

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Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

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Pharyngoesophageal phase

Involuntary process preventing food from entering the wrong passages during swallowing.

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Pharyngeal constrictors

Muscles that push the food bolus down the pharynx

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the esophagus.

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Lower esophageal sphincter

Muscle that relaxes to allow food into the stomach from the esophagus.

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Swallowing time (liquid)

Takes 1-2 seconds for liquid to reach the stomach.

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Swallowing time (food)

Takes 4-8 seconds for solid food to reach the stomach.

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Esophagus

Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach carrying food from the mouth to the stomach

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Gastric Function

The part of the digestive system responsible for breaking down food in the stomach.

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Gut-brain peptides

Peptides produced in the digestive tract and central nervous system.

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Gastric Motility

The rhythmic contractions of the stomach to mix and churn food.

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Pacemaker cells

Cells that control the contractions in the stomach's muscles.

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Receptive relaxation

The stomach's ability to expand to accommodate more food without immediate contraction.

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Pyloric region

The stomach's lower part where contractions strengthen for food expulsion.

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Stomach Regions

The stomach has distinct regions like the fundic, cardiac, body, and pyloric regions, each with specific functions.

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Gastric Rugae

Longitudinal wrinkles in the stomach wall that allow for expansion and contraction.

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Stomach Innervation

The stomach receives parasympathetic signals from the vagus nerve and sympathetic signals from the celiac ganglia.

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Stomach Blood Supply

The stomach gets blood from the celiac trunk, and blood from the stomach and intestines goes to the liver via the portal circulation

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Stomach Mucosa

The innermost stomach lining, which is made of simple columnar epithelium with mucus-producing cells.

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Stomach Muscle Layers

The stomach's muscular layer has three layers (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) instead of two, allowing for powerful mixing and churning.

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Pyloric Sphincter

A muscular ring controlling the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine.

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Hepatic Portal Circulation

The route by which blood from the stomach and intestines travels to the liver before returning to the heart.

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Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation on Stomach

Reduces or inhibits gastric activity and acid/enzyme secretion.

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Cephalic Phase

Stomach responds to sight, smell, taste, or thought of food, triggering gastric secretion.

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Hypothalamus Role in Digestion

Relays signals from sensory and mental inputs to the medulla oblongata to regulate digestion.

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Vagus Nerve and Stomach

Stimulates the enteric nervous system in the stomach, which in turn, stimulates gastric secretions.

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Gastric Phase Trigger

Swallowed food and semidigested protein activate gastric activity.

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Stomach Stretching Reflex

Stomach stretching stimulates a short reflex via myenteric plexus and a long reflex via vagus nerves and brainstem, increasing gastric activity.

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pH Change and Gastric Activity

Increasing the pH of stomach contents promotes gastric activity.

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Two-Thirds of Gastric Secretion

The majority of gastric secretions occur during gastric phase.

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Liver location

The liver is a reddish-brown gland positioned below the diaphragm, being the body's largest gland.

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Liver Function

The liver secretes bile, a substance crucial for digestion within the small intestine.

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Liver Lobes

The liver consists of four lobes: right, left, quadrate, and caudate.

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Porta Hepatis

An opening within the liver that plays a pivotal role, as it's where the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile passages enter/exit the liver.

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Liver's attachment

Liver's superior surface attaches to the diaphragm; gallbladder adheres to the inferior liver surface, specifically between the right and quadrate.

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