Human Anatomy Quiz: Digestive and Nervous Systems

Cell Types in the Stomach

• Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the gastric epithelium.
• Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
• Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which activates to pepsin for protein digestion.
• Oxyntic cells are another name for parietal cells, emphasizing their role in acid production.

Cerebral Cortex Layers

• Six distinct layers include molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, and polymorphic.
• These layers critically support various brain functions, with specific cell types and functions assigned to each layer.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Cells

• C cells, also known as parafollicular cells, secrete calcitonin to help regulate calcium levels.
• Follicular cells synthesize and secrete thyroglobulin, important for thyroid hormone production.
• Oxyphil cells are found in the parathyroid but are not the most abundant.

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

• Unique feature: thin filaments attach to dense bodies instead of Z lines.
• Smooth muscle cells typically have centrally located nuclei and are not multinucleated.

Gallbladder Structure

• The gallbladder does not possess a layer termed "lamina muscularis of tunica mucosa."

Placental Membranes

• The chorion plays a significant role in nutrient and waste exchange, with the human placenta classified as haemochorial due to its blood contact with maternal blood.

Hepatic Acinus Structure

• The essential elements of the hepatic acinus include sinusoids, which facilitate blood flow through the liver.

Rete Mirabile

• Rete mirabile veno-venosum refers to the connection where perilobular veins pass through the sinusoids to the central vein.

Secondary Lymphoid Nodules

• Characteristic features include a germinal center and a capsule, which differentiate them from primary nodules.

G Protein Subunits

• The alpha subunit of G proteins possesses GTPase activity, essential for signal transduction.

Pulmonary Surfactant

• Functions to prevent alveolar collapse and does not contribute to bacterial survival; it forms a phospholipid-rich layer.

Intraembryonic Structures

• The blastocyst, specifically its inner cell mass, forms the embryo proper and implants into the endometrium.

Renin Secretion

• Juxtaglomerular cells are specialized smooth muscle cells responsible for renin secretion, crucial for blood pressure regulation.

Apoptosis Characteristics

• Apoptosis is a regulated process resulting in cell shrinkage and random DNA fragmentation.

Sodium-Sensitive Cells

• Juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells detect sodium concentration changes, affecting blood regulation.

Membrane Structure and Cartilage Types

• Hyaline cartilage forms structures like the trachea and articular surfaces; fibrocartilage, found in intervertebral discs, provides support.

Continuous Capillaries

• These capillaries are the most common, having intact basement membranes and typically found in muscle and brain tissues.

Early Cleavage Stages

• Characterized by cell division increasing count rather than size, leading to a morula stage.

Cyclin Function

• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are critical regulators of the cell cycle, overseeing transitions through various phases.

Placental Barrier Components

• The mature placental barrier includes the derived syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium.

Hepatic Space of Disse

• Located between hepatocytes and sinusoids, it is significant for hepatic function and nutrient exchange.

Renal Circulation

• Blood follows a path through arcuate arteries to interlobular arteries, then to afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries.

Epithelium Types

• The epididymis is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, facilitating sperm maturation.

Peyer's Patches Location

• Located primarily in the ileum, these lymphoid follicles play a role in intestinal immunity.

Blood Supply to the Liver

• The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the hepatic portal vein, highlighting its dual supply.

Muscle Fascicle Covering

• The perimysium is the connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicles, providing structural support.

Embryonic Germ Layer Development

• The ectoderm and endoderm are the first two embryonic germ layers to differentiate, crucial for organogenesis.

Membrane Skeleton Proteins

• Spectrin is a critical component of the membrane skeleton, contributing to cell shape and integrity.

Mechanoreceptor Cells

• Merkel cells function as mechanoreceptors, involved in touch sensation in the skin.

Test your knowledge on the cells of the digestive system and the layers of the cerebral cortex. This quiz covers important anatomical structures including mucous neck cells, parietal and chief cells, as well as the specific layers of the cerebral cortex. Ideal for students of anatomy and physiology.