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Questions and Answers
Which cell is a modified smooth muscle cell that secretes renin?
Which cell is a modified smooth muscle cell that secretes renin?
Which G protein subunit has GTPase activity?
Which G protein subunit has GTPase activity?
What are the splenic cords?
What are the splenic cords?
Which of the following is true of pulmonary surfactant?
Which of the following is true of pulmonary surfactant?
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The structure which implants in the endometrium is termed as:
The structure which implants in the endometrium is termed as:
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Which cell type is known as parafollicular cells?
Which cell type is known as parafollicular cells?
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What unique characteristic distinguishes smooth muscle from other muscle types?
What unique characteristic distinguishes smooth muscle from other muscle types?
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Which layer is NOT present in the gallbladder's structure?
Which layer is NOT present in the gallbladder's structure?
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Which membrane is primarily responsible for nutrient and waste exchange during development?
Which membrane is primarily responsible for nutrient and waste exchange during development?
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What classification does the human placenta fall under?
What classification does the human placenta fall under?
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What is the most crucial element associated with the hepatic acinus?
What is the most crucial element associated with the hepatic acinus?
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Rete mirabile veno-venosum connects which structures?
Rete mirabile veno-venosum connects which structures?
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What is a defining characteristic of a secondary nodule?
What is a defining characteristic of a secondary nodule?
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At which stage is the ovulated mammalian oocyte arrested?
At which stage is the ovulated mammalian oocyte arrested?
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Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting glucocorticoids?
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting glucocorticoids?
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Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases play a crucial role in:
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases play a crucial role in:
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the mature placental barrier?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the mature placental barrier?
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The early stages of cleavage are characterized by which of the following?
The early stages of cleavage are characterized by which of the following?
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Which cell type is found in the parathyroid, but is not the most abundant cell type?
Which cell type is found in the parathyroid, but is not the most abundant cell type?
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What is the space located at the portal canal between the hepatocytes and connective tissue called?
What is the space located at the portal canal between the hepatocytes and connective tissue called?
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Cerebrospinal fluid is characterized by which of the following statements?
Cerebrospinal fluid is characterized by which of the following statements?
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What is the predominant cell type in the extracellular matrix that secretes both fibers and proteoglycans?
What is the predominant cell type in the extracellular matrix that secretes both fibers and proteoglycans?
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Which description of continuous capillaries is accurate?
Which description of continuous capillaries is accurate?
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During which phase of a woman's menstrual cycle are endometrial glands typically fully developed and filled with product?
During which phase of a woman's menstrual cycle are endometrial glands typically fully developed and filled with product?
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Which component provides flexibility to bones?
Which component provides flexibility to bones?
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In which stage does crossing-over occur during meiosis?
In which stage does crossing-over occur during meiosis?
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Which protein is involved in forming the membrane skeleton?
Which protein is involved in forming the membrane skeleton?
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What type of cartilage primarily forms intervertebral discs?
What type of cartilage primarily forms intervertebral discs?
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Which cell functions as a mechanoreceptor?
Which cell functions as a mechanoreceptor?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cube-shaped cells?
Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cube-shaped cells?
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From the renal arcuate arteries, blood first flows into which vessels?
From the renal arcuate arteries, blood first flows into which vessels?
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Which part of the placenta is primarily contributed by the embryo?
Which part of the placenta is primarily contributed by the embryo?
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Where are Peyer’s patches primarily located in the gastrointestinal tract?
Where are Peyer’s patches primarily located in the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which structures are primarily found within the middle ear?
Which structures are primarily found within the middle ear?
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Which type of membrane channel is present in the stereocilia of the inner ear?
Which type of membrane channel is present in the stereocilia of the inner ear?
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What is the structure called that represents the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex?
What is the structure called that represents the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex?
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The main sources of blood supply to the liver come from which combinations?
The main sources of blood supply to the liver come from which combinations?
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Study Notes
Cell Types in the Stomach
- Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the gastric epithelium.
- Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
- Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which activates to pepsin for protein digestion.
- Oxyntic cells are another name for parietal cells, emphasizing their role in acid production.
Cerebral Cortex Layers
- Six distinct layers include molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, and polymorphic.
- These layers critically support various brain functions, with specific cell types and functions assigned to each layer.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Cells
- C cells, also known as parafollicular cells, secrete calcitonin to help regulate calcium levels.
- Follicular cells synthesize and secrete thyroglobulin, important for thyroid hormone production.
- Oxyphil cells are found in the parathyroid but are not the most abundant.
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
- Unique feature: thin filaments attach to dense bodies instead of Z lines.
- Smooth muscle cells typically have centrally located nuclei and are not multinucleated.
Gallbladder Structure
- The gallbladder does not possess a layer termed "lamina muscularis of tunica mucosa."
Placental Membranes
- The chorion plays a significant role in nutrient and waste exchange, with the human placenta classified as haemochorial due to its blood contact with maternal blood.
Hepatic Acinus Structure
- The essential elements of the hepatic acinus include sinusoids, which facilitate blood flow through the liver.
Rete Mirabile
- Rete mirabile veno-venosum refers to the connection where perilobular veins pass through the sinusoids to the central vein.
Secondary Lymphoid Nodules
- Characteristic features include a germinal center and a capsule, which differentiate them from primary nodules.
G Protein Subunits
- The alpha subunit of G proteins possesses GTPase activity, essential for signal transduction.
Pulmonary Surfactant
- Functions to prevent alveolar collapse and does not contribute to bacterial survival; it forms a phospholipid-rich layer.
Intraembryonic Structures
- The blastocyst, specifically its inner cell mass, forms the embryo proper and implants into the endometrium.
Renin Secretion
- Juxtaglomerular cells are specialized smooth muscle cells responsible for renin secretion, crucial for blood pressure regulation.
Apoptosis Characteristics
- Apoptosis is a regulated process resulting in cell shrinkage and random DNA fragmentation.
Sodium-Sensitive Cells
- Juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells detect sodium concentration changes, affecting blood regulation.
Membrane Structure and Cartilage Types
- Hyaline cartilage forms structures like the trachea and articular surfaces; fibrocartilage, found in intervertebral discs, provides support.
Continuous Capillaries
- These capillaries are the most common, having intact basement membranes and typically found in muscle and brain tissues.
Early Cleavage Stages
- Characterized by cell division increasing count rather than size, leading to a morula stage.
Cyclin Function
- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are critical regulators of the cell cycle, overseeing transitions through various phases.
Placental Barrier Components
- The mature placental barrier includes the derived syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium.
Hepatic Space of Disse
- Located between hepatocytes and sinusoids, it is significant for hepatic function and nutrient exchange.
Renal Circulation
- Blood follows a path through arcuate arteries to interlobular arteries, then to afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries.
Epithelium Types
- The epididymis is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, facilitating sperm maturation.
Peyer's Patches Location
- Located primarily in the ileum, these lymphoid follicles play a role in intestinal immunity.
Blood Supply to the Liver
- The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the hepatic portal vein, highlighting its dual supply.
Muscle Fascicle Covering
- The perimysium is the connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicles, providing structural support.
Embryonic Germ Layer Development
- The ectoderm and endoderm are the first two embryonic germ layers to differentiate, crucial for organogenesis.
Membrane Skeleton Proteins
- Spectrin is a critical component of the membrane skeleton, contributing to cell shape and integrity.
Mechanoreceptor Cells
- Merkel cells function as mechanoreceptors, involved in touch sensation in the skin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cells of the digestive system and the layers of the cerebral cortex. This quiz covers important anatomical structures including mucous neck cells, parietal and chief cells, as well as the specific layers of the cerebral cortex. Ideal for students of anatomy and physiology.
