Human Anatomy Quiz: Digestive and Nervous Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which cell is a modified smooth muscle cell that secretes renin?

endothelial cells

podocytes

juxtaglomerular cells (correct)

mesangial cells

Which G protein subunit has GTPase activity?

epsilon

gamma

beta

alpha (correct)

What are the splenic cords?

Cords of Paneth

Cords of Billroth (correct)

Cords of Hassall

Cords of Rothchild

Which of the following is true of pulmonary surfactant?

forms a layer rich in phospholipid overlying a thin aqueous phase Signup and view all the answers

The structure which implants in the endometrium is termed as:

blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is known as parafollicular cells?

Follicular cells Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic distinguishes smooth muscle from other muscle types?

Thin filaments attach to dense bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is NOT present in the gallbladder's structure?

Lamina muscularis of tunica mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane is primarily responsible for nutrient and waste exchange during development?

Chorion Signup and view all the answers

What classification does the human placenta fall under?

Haemochorial Signup and view all the answers

What is the most crucial element associated with the hepatic acinus?

Sinusoids Signup and view all the answers

Rete mirabile veno-venosum connects which structures?

Perilobular veins passing to central veins Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a secondary nodule?

Presence of germinal center Signup and view all the answers

At which stage is the ovulated mammalian oocyte arrested?

Metaphase of meiosis II Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata Signup and view all the answers

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases play a crucial role in:

Cell cycle regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the mature placental barrier?

Cytotrophoblast Signup and view all the answers

The early stages of cleavage are characterized by which of the following?

Increase in the number of cells in the zygote Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is found in the parathyroid, but is not the most abundant cell type?

Oxyphil cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the space located at the portal canal between the hepatocytes and connective tissue called?

Space of Disse Signup and view all the answers

Cerebrospinal fluid is characterized by which of the following statements?

It can lead to internal or external hydrocephalus if its circulation is blocked. Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant cell type in the extracellular matrix that secretes both fibers and proteoglycans?

Fibroblast Signup and view all the answers

Which description of continuous capillaries is accurate?

Most common in the brain and muscle Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of a woman's menstrual cycle are endometrial glands typically fully developed and filled with product?

Days 15-28 Signup and view all the answers

Which component provides flexibility to bones?

Organic bone compounds Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does crossing-over occur during meiosis?

Prophase of the 1st meiotic division Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is involved in forming the membrane skeleton?

Spectrin Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage primarily forms intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which cell functions as a mechanoreceptor?

Merkel cell Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cube-shaped cells?

Simple cuboidal Signup and view all the answers

From the renal arcuate arteries, blood first flows into which vessels?

Afferent arterioles Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the placenta is primarily contributed by the embryo?

Chorion Signup and view all the answers

Where are Peyer’s patches primarily located in the gastrointestinal tract?

Ileum Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are primarily found within the middle ear?

Ossicles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane channel is present in the stereocilia of the inner ear?

Mechanosensitive channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure called that represents the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex?

Medullary ray Signup and view all the answers

The main sources of blood supply to the liver come from which combinations?

Oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the hepatic portal vein Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types in the Stomach

Mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the gastric epithelium.
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which activates to pepsin for protein digestion.
Oxyntic cells are another name for parietal cells, emphasizing their role in acid production.

Cerebral Cortex Layers

Six distinct layers include molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, and polymorphic.
These layers critically support various brain functions, with specific cell types and functions assigned to each layer.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Cells

C cells, also known as parafollicular cells, secrete calcitonin to help regulate calcium levels.
Follicular cells synthesize and secrete thyroglobulin, important for thyroid hormone production.
Oxyphil cells are found in the parathyroid but are not the most abundant.

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Unique feature: thin filaments attach to dense bodies instead of Z lines.
Smooth muscle cells typically have centrally located nuclei and are not multinucleated.

Gallbladder Structure

The gallbladder does not possess a layer termed "lamina muscularis of tunica mucosa."

Placental Membranes

The chorion plays a significant role in nutrient and waste exchange, with the human placenta classified as haemochorial due to its blood contact with maternal blood.

Hepatic Acinus Structure

The essential elements of the hepatic acinus include sinusoids, which facilitate blood flow through the liver.

Rete Mirabile

Rete mirabile veno-venosum refers to the connection where perilobular veins pass through the sinusoids to the central vein.

Secondary Lymphoid Nodules

Characteristic features include a germinal center and a capsule, which differentiate them from primary nodules.

G Protein Subunits

The alpha subunit of G proteins possesses GTPase activity, essential for signal transduction.

Pulmonary Surfactant

Functions to prevent alveolar collapse and does not contribute to bacterial survival; it forms a phospholipid-rich layer.

Intraembryonic Structures

The blastocyst, specifically its inner cell mass, forms the embryo proper and implants into the endometrium.

Renin Secretion

Juxtaglomerular cells are specialized smooth muscle cells responsible for renin secretion, crucial for blood pressure regulation.

Apoptosis Characteristics

Apoptosis is a regulated process resulting in cell shrinkage and random DNA fragmentation.

Sodium-Sensitive Cells

Juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells detect sodium concentration changes, affecting blood regulation.

Membrane Structure and Cartilage Types

Hyaline cartilage forms structures like the trachea and articular surfaces; fibrocartilage, found in intervertebral discs, provides support.

Continuous Capillaries

These capillaries are the most common, having intact basement membranes and typically found in muscle and brain tissues.

Early Cleavage Stages

Characterized by cell division increasing count rather than size, leading to a morula stage.

Cyclin Function

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are critical regulators of the cell cycle, overseeing transitions through various phases.

Placental Barrier Components

The mature placental barrier includes the derived syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium.

Hepatic Space of Disse

Located between hepatocytes and sinusoids, it is significant for hepatic function and nutrient exchange.

Renal Circulation

Blood follows a path through arcuate arteries to interlobular arteries, then to afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries.

Epithelium Types

The epididymis is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, facilitating sperm maturation.

Peyer's Patches Location

Located primarily in the ileum, these lymphoid follicles play a role in intestinal immunity.

Blood Supply to the Liver

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich blood from the hepatic portal vein, highlighting its dual supply.

Muscle Fascicle Covering

The perimysium is the connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicles, providing structural support.

Embryonic Germ Layer Development

The ectoderm and endoderm are the first two embryonic germ layers to differentiate, crucial for organogenesis.

Membrane Skeleton Proteins

Spectrin is a critical component of the membrane skeleton, contributing to cell shape and integrity.

Mechanoreceptor Cells

Merkel cells function as mechanoreceptors, involved in touch sensation in the skin.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cells of the digestive system and the layers of the cerebral cortex. This quiz covers important anatomical structures including mucous neck cells, parietal and chief cells, as well as the specific layers of the cerebral cortex. Ideal for students of anatomy and physiology.