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Questions and Answers
What structure forms the roof of the abdominal cavity?
Which organs are included in the abdominal contents?
What happens to the lungs when the diaphragm contracts?
What primarily composes the abdominal wall?
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Which statement about the diaphragm is correct?
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What function do the scalenes perform during respiration?
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Which accessory muscle is responsible for depressing ribs 3 to 5?
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How does contraction of the diaphragm affect the thoracic cavity?
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Which muscle is NOT involved in elevating the rib cage during respiration?
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What is the primary way that the lungs increase in volume during respiration?
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Study Notes
Abdominal Wall
- Composed primarily of muscles and tendons
- Shape depends on age, muscle mass, muscle tone, weight, and posture
Abdominal Cavity Contents
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Lower esophagus
- Colon
- Appendix
- Liver
- Kidneys
- Pancreas
- Spleen
Diaphragm
- Forms the roof of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the thoracic cavity
- Large, dome-shaped muscle stretching from one side of the rib cage to the other
- Attaches to the lower margins of the rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column
- Central tendon is a flat sheet of tendon in the center of the diaphragm
- Plays an important role in breathing, particularly for speech and singing
- In a relaxed state, the diaphragm is shaped like an inverted bowl
- When it contracts, the diaphragm flattens out, lowering the middle portion
- Contraction of the diaphragm increases the thoracic cavity volume vertically and circumferentially
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
- Neck: Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid
- Thorax: Costal levators, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior, Serratus posterior inferior, Serratus posterior superior, Subclavius, Subcostals, Transverse thoracic
- Abdomen: External oblique, Internal oblique, Rectus abdominis, Transverse abdominis
Pleural Linkage
- Lungs have little muscle, so they rely on external forces for movement
- For respiration to occur, the lungs must increase and decrease volume by expanding and contracting
Neurological Disorders Affecting Phonation
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Progressive neurological disease causing deterioration of motor functions
- Acoustic features: increased jitter, smaller maximum phonational frequency ranges, abnormal FD levels, and reduced ranges of frequency during connected speech
- Clinical application: early intervention to maintain vocal function
- Parkinson's disease (PD)
- Reduction in neurotransmitter dopamine leads to muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor
- Voice difficulties: hoarseness, reduced loudness, and reductions in pitch range
- Acoustic features: higher Fa, higher levels of jitter, lower intensity levels during connected speech, decreased frequency variability, and decreased dynamic range
- Spasmodic dysphonia (SD)
- Neurological voice disorder with spasms of the vocal folds
- Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD): spasms cause vocal folds to adduct inappropriately during phonation
- Abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD): spasms cause vocal folds to abduct inappropriately during phonation
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Description
Test your knowledge on the components of the abdominal wall and cavity. Explore the significant role of the diaphragm and its impact on respiration. This quiz covers essential organs and muscles involved in the anatomy of the abdominal region.
