Human Anatomy: Nose and Pharynx

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of muscles is responsible for relaxing during inhalation?

Accessory muscles

Innermost intercostal muscles (correct)

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

How are the first 7 ribs connected to the sternum?

Through muscle attachments

With ligaments

By costal cartilage (correct)

Directly fused

What is the primary purpose of the diaphragm during exhalation?

To relax and allow air inflow

To decrease the size of the chest cavity (correct)

To contract and expand the rib cage

To maintain negative pressure in the thoracic cavity

Which muscles are classified as accessory muscles of respiration?

Sternocleidomastoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the contraction of the innermost intercostal muscles during exhalation?

The chest cavity becomes smaller Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity's mucosa?

To filter, warm, and humidify air Signup and view all the answers

Which palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates it from the oral cavity?

Hard palate Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the pharynx is located directly behind the nasal cavity?

Nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What does the oropharynx do with chewed food?

Passes it to the laryngeal pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What specific tissue in the nasopharynx helps fight infections?

Adenoid tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pharynx primarily serves both respiratory and digestive systems?

Oropharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Eustachian tubes located in the nasopharynx?

To equalize pressure in the ears Signup and view all the answers

What happens to air when it travels over the moist mucosa of the nasal cavity?

It becomes saturated with water vapor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the laryngopharynx?

To pass food and air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cartilages is NOT part of the larynx?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the cilia in the bronchioles?

To remove debris and microbes Signup and view all the answers

During swallowing, which of the following occurs?

Air temporarily stops entering the larynx Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the bronchi as they branch further into the lungs?

They contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary lobule in the lungs?

To perform gaseous exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the hilum of the lungs is true?

The hilum is where bronchi, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes terminal bronchioles from lobular bronchioles?

Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the bronchioles is accurate?

Bronchioles contain smooth muscle but no cartilage Signup and view all the answers

How does the pulmonary artery contribute to gas exchange in the lungs?

It transports deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for oxygenation Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for the structure of the respiratory membrane in the lungs?

The alveolar wall Signup and view all the answers

Why are the lobular and terminal bronchioles referred to as 'dead space'?

Because they do not allow gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood do erythrocytes pick up during gas exchange in the alveoli?

Oxygen-depleted blood from body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the intercoastal muscles in relation to the lungs?

They facilitate the expansion and contraction of the rib cage Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the dilation and constriction of airways in the lungs?

The innervation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Signup and view all the answers

What makes the pulmonary capillary network particularly suited for gas exchange?

The extensive branching pattern of the network Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the right hilum from the left hilum in the lungs?

The left hilum is usually positioned slightly higher in the chest Signup and view all the answers

How is the interlobular septum characterized in terms of its composition?

It is composed of connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of alveoli in the lungs?

Facilitate air exchange with blood Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the pleural cavity?

It is a fluid-filled space between two pleurae Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having millions of alveoli?

It maximizes the surface area for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and blood?

By diffusion through the alveolar and capillary walls Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature distinguishes the right lung from the left lung?

The number of lobes it contains Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleural membranes?

To create a lubricated space for lung movement Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lung anatomy is responsible for supplying blood to the bronchopulmonary segments?

The pulmonary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the pleural membranes did not adhere to each other?

Lung inflation would be impaired Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between the alveoli and capillaries?

Alveoli interface with capillaries to exchange gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main gas exchanged in the alveoli during respiration?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nasal Cavity

Air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature.
The nasal fossae is covered by mucus, secreted by ciliated columnar epithelium which contains secreting goblet cells.
The nasal cavity is responsible for the sense of smell via the olfactory nerve.
The nasal cavity contributes greatly to taste sensation through its posterior communication with the mouth.

Palates

The hard palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity.
The hard palate separates the nasal and oral cavities.
The soft palate extends posterior to the hard palate.
The soft palate divides the superior nasopharynx from the lower pharynx.

Pharynx

The pharynx is located at the back of the nasal cavity, behind the mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx.
The pharynx is divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
The pharynx is important for both digestion and respiration.
The pharynx also helps with vocalization

Nasopharynx

The nasopharynx is 2 to 3 cm wide and 3 to 4 cm long.
The nasopharynx connects the nose to the mouth.
The soft palate separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
The nasopharynx contains adenoid tissue, which fights infection.
The nasopharynx also contains the openings to the Eustachian tubes, which lead to the ears.
The nasopharynx provides a major drainage path for lymphatic fluids.

Oropharynx

The oropharynx accepts air from the nasopharynx and passes it to the laryngopharynx.
The oropharynx accepts food from the mouth and passes it to the esophagus.
The oropharynx and associated structures prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs.

Laryngopharynx

The Laryngopharynx is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
The Laryngopharynx passes food and air.
The Laryngopharynx prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing.

Larynx

The larynx allows air to pass through it while keeping food and drink from blocking the airway.
The larynx is the “voice box” and contains the vocal folds that produce the sounds of speech and singing.
The larynx consists of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis.

Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchi

Bronchi conduct air into the lungs.
The right and left bronchi branch into smaller secondary and tertiary branches.
The bronchi branch into smaller tubes known as bronchioles.
No gas exchange takes place in the bronchi.
The bronchi contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle.

Bronchioles

No cartilage is present in bronchioles.
Smooth muscle dominates in bronchioles.
The bronchioles have three types: lobular, terminal, and respiratory.
The function of the bronchioles is to deliver air to the network of millions of alveoli.
There are 3 types of bronchioles: lobular, terminal, and respiratory.

Cilia

The lobular and terminal branches are often referred to as the dead space because no air exchange takes place in these passages.
The Bronchioles are tiny: 0.3 – 1mm in diameter.
The walls of the Bronchioles are lined with finger-like projections known as cilia.
The function of the cilia is to remove debris and microbes.

Alveoli

There are millions of alveoli.
Alveoli are covered by a very thin wall with a large surface area and are well-supplied with blood capillaries.
Air exchange takes place in the Alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses through a single cell in an alveolus, followed by a single cell in a capillary to enter the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide is released from the capillary to the alveoli and then exhaled.

Pleural Cavities & Membranes

The Pleural cavity is a fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae.
The outer Pleura (parietal) is attached to the chest (thoracic) wall.
The inner Pleura (visceral) covers the lungs and adjoining structures.
The Pleural Cavity is considered a potential space because the two Pleurae adhere to each other through a serous thin film.

Lungs: Anatomy

The lungs consist of lobes that are separated from each other by fissures.
The right lung consists of three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
The left lung consists of two lobes: superior and inferior.
The bronchopulmonary segment is a division of a lobe.
Each segment receives air from its own tertiary bronchus and is supplied with blood by its own artery.
A pulmonary lobule is a subdivision formed as the bronchi branch into bronchioles.
Each lobule receives its own bronchiole that has multiple branches.
An interlobular septum is a wall composed of connective tissue, separating lobules.
The cardiac notch on the left lung allows space for the heart.

Lungs: Blood Supply

The blood supply to the lungs plays an important role in gas exchange.
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli.
The pulmonary artery branches multiple times as it follows the bronchi.
One arteriole and one venule supply and drain one pulmonary lobule.
The pulmonary arteries become the pulmonary capillary network.
The pulmonary capillary network branches and follows the bronchioles and the structure of the alveoli.
At this point the capillary wall meets the alveolar wall creating the respiratory membrane.
Once the blood is oxygenated, it drains from the alveoli by way of multiple pulmonary veins which exit the lungs through the Hilum.

Hilum

The Hilum is a wedge-shaped area on the central portion of each lung.
The bronchi, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit the lungs through the Hilum.
Both right and left Hilum are similar in size, but the left hilum is usually slightly higher in the chest than the right.

Intercostal Muscles

The intercostal muscles are situated in the ribs.
They help in the breathing process.
There are three layers: external, internal, and innermost.
They are innervated by the intercostal nerves.
The intercostal artery and vein provide blood supply.

Thoracic (Rib) Cage

The thoracic cage surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
It is made up of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 ribs, and the sternum.
The first 7 ribs are attached to the Sternum by costal cartilage.
The remaining 5 ribs have costal cartilage connected to the cartilage above and the last 2 floating ribs are connected by their cartilage to muscle in the abdominal wall.

Inspiration & Expiration

The diaphragm relaxes and the lungs expand during inhalation.
The innermost intercostal muscles relax while the external intercostal muscles contract causing the chest cavity to expand.
This expansion allows the lungs to fill with air due to the negative pressure created by the extra space.
As air fills the lungs, gases are exchanged and it’s time to exhale.
The chest cavity must become smaller during exhalation.
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract applying force to the base and sides of the lungs.
The innermost intercostal muscles contract while the external intercostal muscles relax.
The cavity contracts and air is forced out.
The innermost intercostal muscles contract while the external intercostal muscles relax.
The cavity contracts and air is forced out.

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

The accessory muscles of respiration do not actively play a part in breathing, but they help elevate the rib cage.
These muscles include the sternocleidomastoid and the scalene.

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Description

This quiz covers the nasal cavity, palates, and pharynx, detailing their structures and functions. Learn about the role of the nasal cavity in smell and taste, the anatomy of the hard and soft palates, and the importance of the pharynx in digestion and respiration.