51 Questions
What is the percentage of the ventricles that are filled passively during atrial diastole?
70%
What is the duration of the atrial systole phase in the cardiac cycle?
0.1 seconds
What is the term for the phase when all valves are closed and the ventricles contract?
Isovolumetric contraction
What is the formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?
SV = EDV - ESV
What is the cardiac output (CO) of the heart if the heart rate is 75 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 70 mL?
5250 mL/min
What is the end-diastolic volume (EDV) of the ventricles?
130 mL
What is the approximate location of the heart in relation to the midline?
2/3 to the left of the midline
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?
Pericardium
What is the effect of inspiration on the width of the mediastinum?
It narrows the mediastinum
What is the term for the condition where the heart is located on the right side of the body?
Dextrocardia
What is the name of the cavity that contains the heart and the mediastinum?
Thoracic cavity
What is the effect of tumors on the width of the mediastinum?
They make the mediastinum appear wider
What is the primary factor that determines the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts?
Preload
Which of the following increases the contractility of the heart?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur?
Afterload
According to the Frank-Starling law, what happens when there is a greater stretch or preload on the heart?
There is a greater contraction
What is the main function of the fibrous pericardium?
To stabilize the position of the heart and prevent overstretching
Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for preventing blood clots?
Endocardium
Which of the following is a factor that affects the end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
Duration of ventricular diastole
What is the approximate pressure in mmHg that the right ventricle must pump against?
20 mmHg
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles?
To prevent the cusps of the tricuspid valve from prolapsing
What is the name of the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta?
Aortic valve
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the four pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
What is the name of the remnant of the foramen ovale in the adult heart?
Fossa ovalis
What is the main function of the atria in the heart?
To receive blood from the body
What is the direction of the apex of the heart?
Towards the left hip
What is the thickness of the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle?
Thicker
What is the direction of blood flow in terms of pressure?
From high pressure to low pressure
What happens when ventricles contract?
Blood flows into the arteries
What is the function of papillary muscles?
To prevent backflow of blood into atria
What is the purpose of the semilunar valves?
To prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
What is stenosis?
Narrowing of the valves
What is the function of the SA node?
To set the heart rate at about 100 beats per minute
What is the purpose of the AV node?
To slow the speed of travel of the action potentials
What is the sequence of the ECG waves?
P wave, QRS wave, T wave
What is the duration of the P wave?
0.08 seconds
What is the repolarization of the ventricles represented by?
T wave
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular center in the Medulla Oblongata?
To control heart rate and blood pressure
What is the effect of decreased body temperature on heart rate?
It decreases heart rate
What is the primary function of the Pulmonary Circulation?
To pump deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
What is the term for the law that ensures the same volume of blood flows through each circuit in the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
Starling's Law
Which of the following arteries is the first to branch off the ascending aorta?
Coronary Arteries
What is the function of the coronary veins?
To drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle
What is the name of the vessel that the coronary veins drain into?
Coronary Sinus
What is the primary function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in heart rate regulation?
To increase heart rate and blood pressure
What is the term for the condition where the heart muscle does not receive enough blood flow, resulting in chest pain?
Angina
What is the term for the blockage of the coronary arteries, resulting in damage to the heart muscle?
Myocardial Infarction
EDV = ESV =
130 60
Left Coronary Artery
Anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to walls of ventrices Circumflex branch and supplies blood to the walls of left ventricle and atrium
Right Coronary Artery
Posterior interventricular branch supplies blood to walls of ventricles Marginal branch - supplies blood to wall of right ventricle
Test your knowledge of the mediastinum and its contents, including the heart, ascending aorta, and other structures. Learn about the location and boundaries of the mediastinum, and how it relates to the lungs and other organs. Identify the key features of the mediastinum and its components.
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