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Questions and Answers
What is the main contents of the Mediastinum?
What is the main contents of the Mediastinum?
- Only the thoracic vertebrae
- The diaphragm and the pleura
- The pericardium, large arteries, and veins, nerves, and lymph nodes (correct)
- The lungs and their surface
Which part of the Mediastinum is occupied by the heart and its structures?
Which part of the Mediastinum is occupied by the heart and its structures?
- Middle mediastinum (correct)
- Superior mediastinum
- Posterior mediastinum
- Anterior mediastinum
What forms the boundary of the Superior Mediastinum anteriorly?
What forms the boundary of the Superior Mediastinum anteriorly?
- The manubrium
- The sternum
- The tanulium (correct)
- The thoracic vertebrae
Which nerve is found in the Mediastinum?
Which nerve is found in the Mediastinum?
How many thoracic vertebrae form the posterior boundary of the Superior Mediastinum?
How many thoracic vertebrae form the posterior boundary of the Superior Mediastinum?
What is the location of the aortic arch?
What is the location of the aortic arch?
Which nerve descends on the right side of the trachea?
Which nerve descends on the right side of the trachea?
What is the relationship between the trachea and the esophagus?
What is the relationship between the trachea and the esophagus?
Which artery separates the trachea from the left lung?
Which artery separates the trachea from the left lung?
What is the origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What is the origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What is the location of the thoracic duct?
What is the location of the thoracic duct?
What is located on either side of the mediastinum?
What is located on either side of the mediastinum?
Which part of the SVC is located to the right of the ascending aorta?
Which part of the SVC is located to the right of the ascending aorta?
What is NOT located within the pericardium?
What is NOT located within the pericardium?
What is the location of the phrenic nerve?
What is the location of the phrenic nerve?
What is the terminal part of the IVC?
What is the terminal part of the IVC?
What is the main cause of Mediastinal syndrome?
What is the main cause of Mediastinal syndrome?
What is the result of compression of the arteries in the superior mediastinum?
What is the result of compression of the arteries in the superior mediastinum?
What is the result of compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the superior mediastinum?
What is the result of compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the superior mediastinum?
What is the term for the condition caused by compression of the esophagus in the superior mediastinum?
What is the term for the condition caused by compression of the esophagus in the superior mediastinum?
What is the location of the lymph nodes affected in Mediastinal syndrome?
What is the location of the lymph nodes affected in Mediastinal syndrome?
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Study Notes
Mediastinum Boundaries
- Superior mediastinum boundaries: anteriorly (sternum), posteriorly (upper 4 thoracic vertebrae), superiorly (thoracic inlet), inferiorly (between sternal angle and lower border of T4), and on each side (mediastinal pleura and mediastinal surface of the lung)
Mediastinum Contents
- Pericardium and large arteries (aortic arch and its branches)
- Trachea and principal bronchi
- Esophagus
- Phrenic nerves and vagus nerve
- Superior vena cava and azygos vein
- Thoracic duct
- Lymph nodes (paratracheal and tracheobronchial groups)
Anterior Mediastinum
- Occupies the anterior part of the superior mediastinum
- Contains lymph nodes, fat, and connective tissue
Middle Mediastinum
- Occupies the middle part of the superior mediastinum
- Contains the heart, pericardium, and large blood vessels
Posterior Mediastinum
- Occupies the posterior part of the superior mediastinum
- Contains the thoracic aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct
Mediastinal Syndrome
- Caused by compression of the contents of the superior mediastinum by a space-occupying lesion (e.g., tumor, enlarged lymph nodes)
- Symptoms depend on the structures compressed (e.g., vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus)
- Can lead to venous congestion, hoarseness, dysphagia, and other symptoms
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