Human Anatomy: Kidney Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of erythropoietin production in adults?

  • Gallbladder
  • Liver
  • Kidney (correct)
  • Pancreas
  • Which organ controls aldosterone secretion?

  • Spleen
  • Kidney (correct)
  • Colon
  • Lungs
  • What is the approximate capacity of the urinary bladder in adults?

  • 200 to 400 mL
  • 800 to 1000 mL
  • 400 to 600 mL (correct)
  • 600 to 800 mL
  • Which hormone is responsible for carefully controlling urinary volume?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural and functional unit of the kidneys?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes in pregnancy can lead to urinary frequency and urgency during the first and third trimesters?

    <p>Hyperplasia of muscle and connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological change during pregnancy may result in microhematuria?

    <p>Thickening of the posterior margin of the bladder trigone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical displacement during pregnancy causes the appendix to move away from McBurney point?

    <p>Displacement of the colon upward and posteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the lateral recumbent position have on renal function in pregnancy?

    <p>Improves renal function efficiency by preventing vena cava and aorta compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gastrointestinal symptom is more common during pregnancy due to the displacement of the colon?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change during pregnancy can lead to urinary stasis and pyelonephritis?

    <p>Dilation and elongation of the ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature experiences greater dilation during pregnancy on the right side due to the enlarged right ovarian vein?

    <p>Ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal symptom is more commonly associated with pregnancy due to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Alkaline reflux into the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pregnancy-related issue results from the combination of gallbladder stasis and secretion of lithogenic bile?

    <p>Gallstone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological changes in the urinary system can be attributed to hormonal effects and pressure from the enlarging uterus during pregnancy?

    <p>Distension of the renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of distention of the upper half of the abdomen above the umbilicus?

    <p>Gastric dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with significantly distended abdomen and hypoactive bowel sounds, which condition should be considered if the patient is on diuretics for hypertension treatment?

    <p>Paralytic ileus (intestinal pseudo-obstruction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of paralytic ileus other than diuretics according to the text?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maneuver can be used to reveal any previously unseen bulges or masses in the abdomen?

    <p>Ask the patient to raise their head from the table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be indicated by a smooth and symmetric contour of the abdomen when a patient takes a deep breath and holds it?

    <p>Absence of previously unseen masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

    <p>Increasing age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the liver in relation to aging?

    <p>Increasing obesity reduces the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom commonly associated with viral hepatitis?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do diuretics primarily affect the body?

    <p>Reducing urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most at risk for developing gallstones due to biliary lipid increase?

    <p>Elderly individuals with a history of fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a risk factor for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Infants born to infected mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of viral hepatitis risk factors, which group would NOT be at risk for Hepatitis B?

    <p>People traveling to countries with intermediate or high prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with Hematuria?

    <p>Passage of wormlike clots in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is NOT at risk for Hepatitis C according to the provided text?

    <p>Infants born to infected mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of diuretics on urinary frequency?

    <p>Increased urgency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the kidney in relation to vitamin D?

    <p>Producing the biologically active form of vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the aorta branch into the two common iliac arteries?

    <p>At the level of the umbilicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what week of gestation do the pancreatic buds, liver, and gallbladder begin to form?

    <p>Week 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the gastrointestinal tract reach adult function?

    <p>At 2 to 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ begins to form blood cells around week 6 of gestation?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs around weeks 9 of gestation with regard to the liver?

    <p>Synthesis of glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the gastrointestinal tract become capable of adapting to extrauterine life?

    <p>&gt;36 weeks of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the liver play in terms of metabolism at birth?

    <p>Glycogen storage and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

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