Human Anatomy: Kidney Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of nephrons in the kidneys?

  • To filter plasma and produce urine (correct)
  • To produce blood
  • To regulate heart rate
  • To act as blood vessels

    • The kidneys do not play a role in maintaining acid-base balance.

    False

    What hormone do kidneys secrete to help regulate blood volume and blood pressure?

    angiotensin

    The kidneys regulate fluid homeostasis by altering the permeability of the ______ and ______.

    <p>collecting duct, distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kidney functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Water balance = Regulates body fluid levels Salt balance = Maintains electrolyte concentrations Erythropoietin = Stimulates red blood cell production Vitamin D activation = Enhances calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to urine concentration if the body loses a lot of water due to perspiration?

    <p>Urine becomes more concentrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys activate an inactive form of vitamin D to help calcium absorption.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do kidneys respond to high water intake?

    <p>They excrete more dilute urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating water balance in the body?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus releases ADH directly into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the kidneys in relation to ADH.

    <p>The kidneys respond to ADH by increasing the permeability of collecting ducts to water, leading to reduced water loss in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ feedback loop helps maintain the solute concentration of the blood.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when solute concentration in the blood increases?

    <p>ADH is synthesized and released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in thirst is a response to decreasing blood solute concentration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions in relation to ADH:

    <p>Hypothalamus = Synthesize ADH Posterior pituitary = Release ADH Kidneys = Respond to ADH ADH = Increase water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to urine when there is less ADH in the bloodstream?

    <p>Urine becomes more dilute and excess water is excreted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the diuretic Lasix (furosemide)?

    <p>Reduces blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caffeine acts as a strong diuretic that significantly promotes sodium reabsorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for kidney stones that are larger than 5mm?

    <p>Ultrasonic shock waves or surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of renal failure, a _____ is used to artificially filter a patient's blood.

    <p>dialysis machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on the urinary system:

    <p>Caffeine = Mild diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption Alcohol = Inhibits ADH release and decreases water permeability Lasix (furosemide) = Reduces blood pressure and volume Kidney stones = Crystallization of minerals into solid masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily caused by microbes in the urinary system?

    <p>Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High blood solute concentrations lead to increased secretion of ADH.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of low blood solute concentrations on urine production?

    <p>Excretion of dilute urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating milk production?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands secrete hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the hormone that regulates water balance in the body.

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone _____ is secreted by the thyroid gland and regulates metabolism.

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their corresponding glands:

    <p>Testosterone = Testes Estrogen = Ovaries Thymosin = Thymus gland Erythropoietin = Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Regulation of hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin is responsible for increasing calcium levels in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ gland produces melatonin, which regulates sleep patterns.

    <p>Pineal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to stress and helps regulate metabolism?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocrine glands release their products into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of hormone secreted by the adrenal gland.

    <p>adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ hormones can easily diffuse across the lipid bilayer.

    <p>Steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hormones with their characteristics:

    <p>Steroid hormones = Lipid-soluble, can diffuse across cell membranes Non-steroid hormones = Lipid insoluble, bind to cell surface receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do target cells play in hormone action?

    <p>They have specific receptors for hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-steroid hormones can easily diffuse across the lipid bilayer of cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the endocrine system slower to act than the nervous system?

    <p>Hormones need to be secreted into the bloodstream and circulate to bind to target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein formation?

    <p>It acts as a template for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone and cortisol are examples of steroid hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in non-steroid hormone action?

    <p>Hormone binds to cell surface receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone binds to the receptor, generating __________ within the cell.

    <p>cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their functions:

    <p>Aldosterone = Regulates sodium and potassium Testosterone = Promotes male traits Estrogen = Regulates female reproductive functions Cortisol = Regulates metabolism and stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the final product after enzyme activation?

    <p>It alters cell activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activation of secondary messengers aids in amplifying the hormonal signal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the change in the cell during non-steroid hormone action?

    <p>The hormone binding to the receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated enzyme 1 activates __________.

    <p>enzyme 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carries out cellular responses to hormones?

    <p>New protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System II

    • Kidneys contain approximately one million nephrons, which are the functional units.
    • Nephrons consist of tubules and associated blood vessels.
    • Plasma filters in the glomerular capsule.
    • Glomerular filtrate moves to the tubules. Tubular reabsorption removes most water, ions, and nutrients from the filtrate.
    • Tubular secretion moves ions and toxic chemicals from blood into the tubules.

    Lecture Outcomes

    • Students will understand how the kidneys maintain water balance.
    • Students will learn about disorders/diseases of the urinary system.

    Kidneys and Homeostasis

    • Kidneys maintain water balance.
    • Kidneys maintain salt balance.
    • Kidneys secrete an enzyme involved in controlling blood volume and blood pressure (angiotensin).
    • Kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pH.
    • Kidneys regulate red blood cell production via erythropoietin.
    • Kidneys activate an inactive form of vitamin D, aiding calcium absorption.

    Producing Dilute or Concentrated Urine

    • The urinary system maintains fluid homeostasis.
    • Kidneys adjust the amount of water leaving the body based on urine concentration.
    • High solute concentration in the renal medulla drives the process.
    • Kidney adjust collecting duct and distal tubule permeability depending on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels.

    Producing Dilute Urine

    • Mechanism: absence of ADH, distal tubules are impermeable to water, water doesn't reabsorb.
    • Water diffuses out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
    • The first part of the ascending limb is permeable to salt and urea but not water.
    • Salt (NaCl) reabsorption occurs without water reabsorption in the ascending limb.
    • Urea is diffused from the collecting tubule into the ascending limb.
    • The last part of the ascending limb is impermeable to water and salt.
    • Active salt transport occurs without simultaneous water reabsorption continuing in the distal and collecting ducts.
    • High-volume, dilute urine is formed.

    Producing Concentrated Urine

    • Mechanism: Presence of ADH, increased permeability of collecting ducts to water.
    • More water is reabsorbed.
    • The medulla has a high solute and low water concentration.
    • Small volume of concentrated urine is excreted.

    ADH Regulates Water Balance

    • Antidiuretic hormone is produced in the posterior pituitary gland.
    • Blood volume depends on water in the body.
    • Changes in water lead to changes in blood volume and blood pressure.
    • Kidneys, hypothalamus, and posterior pituitary control homeostasis of blood volume.
    • Hypothalamus synthesizes ADH.
    • Posterior pituitary releases ADH.
    • Kidneys respond to ADH changes.
    • Negative feedback regulates blood solute concentration.
    • This involves increasing or decreasing ADH secretion.
    • Thirst response may also change.

    Negative Feedback Loop

    • Blood solute concentration rises, neurons in the hypothalamus make ADH.
    • ADH goes into the blood stream, reaching the kidneys.
    • Increases permeability of collecting ducts to water and decreased loss of water in urine.
    • Scenario 2 (solute concentration decreases):
    1. Hypothalamus signals pituitary to release less ADH.
    2. Collecting duct is less permeable to water,.
    3. Excess water is excreted.
    4. Person feels less thirsty

    Diuretics

    • High urine flow rate is called diuresis.
    • A substance that promotes diuresis is a diuretic.
    • Lasix (furosemide) reduces blood volume and blood pressure used in hypertension treatment.
    • Caffeine is a mild diuretic, inhibiting sodium reabsorption and promoting water retention.
    • Alcohol inhibits ADH release and makes collecting ducts less permeable to water.

    Kidney Stones

    • Kidney stones form when minerals in the urine crystallize into solid masses.
    • Small stones are excreted in urine.
    • Large stones can block the ureter, causing decreased urine flow and intense pain.
    • Removed using ultrasonic shock waves or surgically.

    UTIs

    • UTIs are infections in any part of the urinary system usually caused by bacteria.
    • Symptoms include burning/pain during urination.
    • Bacteria can travel to kidneys.
    • Treated with antibiotics.

    Renal Failure and Dialysis

    • Kidney failure means kidneys cannot properly filter blood.
    • Artificial help using a dialysis machine to filter blood.
    • The machine mimics kidney nephrons using semipermeable membrane with clean dialysis fluid.
    • Metabolic wastes and ions diffuse into the dialysis fluid.

    Review

    • Kidneys maintain water balance, impacting blood volume and pressure.
    • Low blood solute concentration decreases ADH secretion and increases permeability which leads to excretion of dilute urine.
    • High blood solute concentration increases ADH secretion and increases kidney permeability to water leading to concentrated urine excretion.

    Endocrine System I

    • Endocrine system consists of specialized duct-less tissue and glands that secrete hormones, chemical messengers, controlling various body functions.

    Endocrine System Components

    • Includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, heart, stomach, pancreas, intestines, ovaries, and testes. (and several hormones)

    Hormones

    • Chemical messengers carried by blood.
    • Act only on target cells.
    • Ensures specificity of hormone action.
    • Hormones can be lipid-soluble (steroid) or non-lipid-soluble.

    Steroid Hormones

    • Related to cholesterol.
    • Lipid-soluble.
    • Diffuse easily across the lipid bilayer.
    • Bind to intracellular receptors.

    Non-Steroid Hormones

    • Related to proteins.
    • Lipid-insoluble.
    • Cannot cross the lipid bilayer.
    • Bind to receptors on the cell surface.

    Steroid Hormone Action

    • Diffuses across the cell membrane and binds to receptor.
    • Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA triggering gene activation resulting in protein formation.
    • Proteins are synthesized which carry out cellular responses.

    Non-Steroid Hormone Action

    • Hormone binds cell-surface receptors initiating a change to the cell.
    • Activates secondary messenger (like cyclic AMP).
    • A cascade of enzyme activation happens.
    • The final product from enzymatic reactions is created.

    Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands

    • Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts. Example includes sweat, saliva, and milk.
    • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid, lymph, and the blood. Example includes adrenaline and estrogen.
    • Liver and pancreas act as both, with exocrine function in digestive processes and an endocrine function in hormone secretion.

    Hormones (continued)

    • Hormones are chemical messengers acting on target cells.
    • They trigger cellular responses.
    • Endocrine system is slower than the nervous system due to release into the bloodstream.

    Practice Questions

    • Question 1: Sweating depletes water, causing a rise in blood solute concentration. This triggers the thirst response increasing water intake to restore balance.

    • Question 2: The nervous system is responsible for quick reflexes like withdrawing a foot when stepping on a nail.

    • Question 3: The incorrect statement is "b" (during tubular reabsorption, useful substances move from the blood into the filtrate). In reality, in reabsorption, useful substances move from the filtrate to the blood within the nephron.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the crucial roles of the kidneys, including the functions of nephrons, hormone secretion, and fluid homeostasis. This quiz covers various aspects of kidney anatomy and physiology, challenging your understanding of their contributions to maintaining the body's balance. Ideal for students of human anatomy and biology.

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