Cardiovascular System Diuretics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump in the proximal convoluted tubule?

  • Reabsorption of sodium ions (correct)
  • Reabsorption of potassium ions
  • Secretion of potassium ions
  • Secretion of sodium ions

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubular cells?

  • Secretion of bicarbonate
  • Reabsorption of bicarbonate (correct)
  • Modulation of sodium reabsorption
  • Modulation of water reabsorption

Where is the organic acid secretory system located and what is its primary function?

  • Distal convoluted tubule - reabsorption of uric acid
  • Collecting duct - secretion of uric acid
  • Loop of Henle - reabsorption of diuretic drugs
  • Proximal tubule -transfer the diuretic drugs and uric acid (correct)

How are most diuretic drugs delivered to the tubular fluid?

<p>By secreting a variety of organic acids from the bloodstream into the proximal tubular lumen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the organic acid secretory system?

<p>It is saturable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do diuretic drugs in the bloodstream interact with endogenous organic acids such as uric acid?

<p>They compete for transfer with endogenous organic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ascending loop of Henle?

<p>Active reabsorption of Na+, K+, and Cl− (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the osmolarity increase along the descending portion of the loop of Henle?

<p>Due to reabsorption of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do drugs affecting the ascending loop of Henle, such as loop diuretics, have?

<p>Greatest diuretic effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the filtered sodium chloride is reabsorbed via a Na+/Cl− transporter in the distal convoluted tubule?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transporter used for Na+ reabsorption in the collecting tubule and duct?

<p>Na+/K+-ATPase pump (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors influence Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the principal cells of the collecting tubule and duct?

<p>Aldosterone receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of thiazides as diuretic drugs?

<p>They have equal maximum diuretic effects except Metolazone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are thiazides sometimes called 'low ceiling diuretics'?

<p>Because increasing the dose above normal therapeutic doses does not promote further diuretic response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of Metolazone among thiazide-like drugs?

<p>It has higher efficacy than other thiazides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct for using thiazides except?

<p>Heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hydrochlorothiazide used more commonly than chlorothiazide?

<p>Because it is more potent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide from chlorothiazide?

<p>The efficacy of both drugs is comparable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are thiazide-like diuretics referred to as thiazide-like?

<p>They have a similar mechanism of action to true thiazides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of thiazide-like diuretics?

<p>They contain the sulfonamide residue in their chemical structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazide-like diuretics are called thiazide-like because they contain the sulfonamide residue in their chemical structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazide-like diuretics have a different mechanism of action compared to true thiazides.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorthalidone, indapamide, and metolazone are examples of thiazide-like diuretics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True thiazides are also known as low ceiling diuretics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides act mainly in the cortical region of the ascending loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides decrease the reabsorption of Na+ by inhibition of a Na+/Cl− cotransporter on the luminal membrane of the tubules.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides are also known as high ceiling diuretics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazide-like diuretics act in the same way as true thiazides in the renal tubules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased excretion of Na+ and Cl− in the urine due to treatment with thiazides?

<p>Hyponatremia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known effect of prolonged use of thiazides in terms of potassium (K+)?

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of treatment with thiazides in terms of urinary calcium excretion?

<p>Hypercalcemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an initial effect of treatment with thiazides on peripheral vascular resistance?

<p>Reduced peripheral vascular resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of treatment with thiazides in terms of Mg2+?

<p>Hypomagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do thiazides affect the excretion of sodium chloride in the urine?

<p>Increased excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Treatment with thiazides can result in the excretion of very hyperosmolar urine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides cause loss of K+ from the body with prolonged use.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides result in a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides act by increasing the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition are thiazides not the first choice of treatment?

<p>Heart failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique ability of thiazides in the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

<p>Substituting for ADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of thiazides for patients with calcium oxalate stones in the urinary tract?

<p>Reducing urinary calcium excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent problem associated with thiazide diuretics?

<p>Hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect of thiazide diuretics can be prevented by limiting water intake and lowering the diuretic dose?

<p>Hyponatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect of thiazide diuretics can lead to glucose intolerance and the need for monitoring glucose levels?

<p>Hyperglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect of thiazide diuretics can cause orthostatic hypotension or light-headedness?

<p>Volume depletion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Potassium depletion is the most frequent problem with thiazide diuretics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Limiting water intake and lowering the diuretic dose can prevent hyponatremia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Therapy with thiazides can lead to glucose intolerance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of action for loop diuretics in the nephron?

<p>Descending limb of the loop of Henle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for loop diuretics having the greatest diuretic effect among all diuretic drugs?

<p>They block reabsorption of 25-30% of filtered NaCl at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron accounts for reabsorption of 25-30% of filtered NaCl?

<p>Ascending limb of the loop of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does loop diuretics' mechanism of action lead to an increase in water excretion?

<p>By inhibiting the cotransport of Na+/K+/2Cl− at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a therapeutic use of loop diuretics?

<p>Reducing acute pulmonary edema and acute/chronic peripheral edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of loop diuretics in emergency situations?

<p>High efficacy and rapid onset of action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do loop diuretics differ from thiazides in terms of Ca2+ content of urine?

<p>Thiazides increase the Ca2+ content of urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic use of loop diuretics in treating hypercalcemia?

<p>Stimulating tubular Ca2+ excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which loop diuretic is known for being much more potent than furosemide?

<p>Bumetanide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the infrequent use of ethacrynic acid?

<p>Adverse effect profile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition are thiazides not the first choice of treatment?

<p>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the efficacy of metolazone among thiazide-like drugs?

<p>Duration of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Furosemide is the most potent loop diuretic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethacrynic acid is commonly used due to its low toxicity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bumetanide is an example of a loop diuretic.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiazides cause loss of K+ from the body with prolonged use.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is most likely to be caused by loop Diuretics ?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of prolonged use of thiazides in terms of potassium (K+)?

<p>Potassium depletion (hypokalemic alkalosis) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect of diuretics can be prevented by using potassium-sparing diuretics or supplementation with K+?

<p>Potassium depletion (hypokalemic alkalosis) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect of diuretics can cause a severe and rapid reduction in blood volume, with the possibility of hypotension?

<p>Acute hypovolemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretic adverse effect can lead to increased uric acid in the blood, causing or exacerbating gouty attacks?

<p>Hyperuricemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretic adverse effect is most likely to cause deafness and is associated with the use of Ethacrynic acid?

<p>Ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretic adverse effect can lead to increased uric acid in the blood, causing or exacerbating gouty attacks?

<p>Hyperuricemia (Increased uric acid in the blood) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transporter used for Na+ reabsorption in the collecting tubule and duct?

<p>Potassium-sparing diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of potassium-sparing diuretics?

<p>Prevent K+ excretion caused by thiazide or loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should potassium-sparing diuretics be avoided in patients with renal dysfunction?

<p>To reduce the risk of hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct mechanisms of action for potassium-sparing diuretics?

<p>Aldosterone antagonism and sodium channel blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be used cautiously with potassium-sparing diuretics due to its potential to induce hyperkalemia?

<p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which conditions are potassium-sparing diuretics commonly used?

<p>Heart failure and liver cirrhosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference in efficacy between potassium-sparing diuretics and other diuretics?

<p>Lower efficacy in mobilizing Na+ from the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone and eplerenone?

<p>Antagonizing aldosterone at intracellular cytoplasmic receptor sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class do spironolactone and eplerenone belong to?

<p>Potassium-sparing diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mechanism of action of eplerenone from spironolactone?

<p>Eplerenone has less endocrine effects than spironolactone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of spironolactone and eplerenone on electrolyte balance?

<p>Prevents reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ and H+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic use of spironolactone?

<p>all of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is spironolactone the diuretic of choice?

<p>Congestive hepatic cirrhosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic use of eplerenone?

<p>Treatment of resistant hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are aldosterone receptor antagonists considered for the treatment of resistant hypertension?

<p>Due to their role in reducing peripheral vascular resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effects can occur due to the chemical resemblance of spironolactone to some sex steroids?

<p>Gynecomastia in male patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with the use of aldosterone antagonists?

<p>Hyperkalemia with nausea, lethargy, and mental confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known consequence of prolonged use of thiazides in terms of potassium (K+)?

<p>Loss of K+ from the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of triamterene and amiloride on Na+/K+ exchange in the collecting tubule?

<p>Blocking of Na+/K+ exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property makes triamterene and amiloride commonly used in combination with other diuretics?

<p>Potassium-sparing properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mechanism of action of triamterene and amiloride from aldosterone antagonists?

<p>Blockage of sodium channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the use of triamterene and amiloride in combination with other diuretics?

<p>Potassium-sparing properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acetazolamide?

<p>Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubular epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of prolonged therapy with acetazolamide?

<p>Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte disturbance is associated with the use of acetazolamide?

<p>Hypercalcemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does acetazolamide have on phosphate excretion?

<p>Increases phosphate excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of acetazolamide?

<p>Treating glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like dorzolamide and brinzolamide?

<p>Decreasing intraocular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be treated by using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to decrease pH?

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of eplerenone?

<p>Resistant hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of using acetazolamide?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should acetazolamide be avoided in patients with hepatic cirrhosis?

<p>It might cause decreased excretion of NH4+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with the use of thiazides?

<p>Hyperuricemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of diuretics that can cause orthostatic hypotension or light-headedness?

<p>Potassium depletion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics?

<p>Increased water excretion by preventing further water reabsorption in the tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of osmotic diuretics on tubular fluid osmolarity?

<p>It increases tubular fluid osmolarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of simple, hydrophilic chemical substances such as mannitol and urea in osmotic diuretics?

<p>They are filtered through the glomerulus and undergo reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do osmotic diuretics differ from other diuretics in terms of their primary effect on electrolyte balance?

<p>They primarily increase water excretion rather than Na+ excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmotic diuretics prevent further water reabsorption, resulting in some degree of diuresis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmotic diuretics directly increase the excretion of electrolytes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmotic diuretics undergo significant reabsorption in the nephron.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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