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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nephron in the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the nephron in the urinary system?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
What percentage of glucose and amino acids is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
What percentage of glucose and amino acids is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Where does urine go immediately after passing through the collecting duct?
Where does urine go immediately after passing through the collecting duct?
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What is the main function of the afferent arterioles in the nephron?
What is the main function of the afferent arterioles in the nephron?
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Which statement best describes what occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Which statement best describes what occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
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Which of the following correctly states the order of urine flow after the collecting duct?
Which of the following correctly states the order of urine flow after the collecting duct?
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During which part of the nephron does fine-tuning of reabsorption occur?
During which part of the nephron does fine-tuning of reabsorption occur?
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How does aldosterone affect sodium levels in the late distal convoluted tubule?
How does aldosterone affect sodium levels in the late distal convoluted tubule?
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What is the role of the glomerulus in the nephron?
What is the role of the glomerulus in the nephron?
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Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing 65% of water and bicarbonate?
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing 65% of water and bicarbonate?
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What occurs in the ascending loop of Henle?
What occurs in the ascending loop of Henle?
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What is the location of the kidneys in relation to other organs?
What is the location of the kidneys in relation to other organs?
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How does aldosterone influence kidney function?
How does aldosterone influence kidney function?
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What removes excess water and electrolytes?
What removes excess water and electrolytes?
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Renal arteries take blood __ ___, and renal veins take blood __ from __
Renal arteries take blood __ ___, and renal veins take blood __ from __
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Afferent arterioles takes blood ___ ___ ___, and effernt arterioles take blood ___ from ___ ____.
Afferent arterioles takes blood ___ ___ ___, and effernt arterioles take blood ___ from ___ ____.
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A glomerulus is a
A glomerulus is a
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RBC, WBC, plasma proteins, plateles do not filter out of the glomerulus; they are too big to filter, they remain in the blood and should not be in urine
RBC, WBC, plasma proteins, plateles do not filter out of the glomerulus; they are too big to filter, they remain in the blood and should not be in urine
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What should not be in urine?
What should not be in urine?
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What occurs in the descending loop of Henle?
What occurs in the descending loop of Henle?
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In the __ , reabsorption occurs according to
In the __ , reabsorption occurs according to
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What 2 hormones are important Late DCT/ collecting duct?
What 2 hormones are important Late DCT/ collecting duct?
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The filtrate passes trough
The filtrate passes trough
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Study Notes
Kidney Location
- Located in the retroperitoneal space, behind the stomach and pancreas.
- At the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae (T12) to the 3rd lumbar vertebrae (L3).
Nephron Function
- Functional unit of the urinary system, responsible for filtering nitrogenous waste from the blood and forming urine.
- Approximately 2.2 million nephrons per kidney.
- Renal arteries bring blood into the kidneys, and renal veins carry blood away from the kidneys.
- Afferent arterioles carry blood into individual glomeruli, the filtering units within the nephrons.
- Efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomeruli.
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerulus: A ball of capillaries where filtration takes place, separating substances from blood into Bowman's capsule.
- Filtrate then travels through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and collecting duct.
- Most water and ions are reabsorbed along the way.
- Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, and plasma proteins (like albumin) do not filter out of the glomerulus.
- These larger molecules remain in the blood and shouldn't be found in urine.
Nephron Tubule Stages - Reabsorption
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs 65% of water, ions (like sodium), bicarbonate, and hydrogen ions (H+). Also reabsorbs 100% of glucose and amino acids (these should not be present in urine).
- Descending Loop of Henle: Primarily responsible for water reabsorption.
- Ascending Loop of Henle & Early Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Primarily responsible for solute (like sodium) reabsorption.
- Late DCT & Collecting Duct: Fine-tuning for reabsorption of water and solutes based on the body's needs.
Hormonal Regulation
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Increases water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting duct.
- Aldosterone: Increases sodium reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting duct.
Urine Pathway
- After the collecting duct, urine flows into the renal pelvis, then into the ureters, bladder, and finally out through the urethra.
Urinary System Anatomy and Function
- Kidneys are located retroperitoneally, at the level of T12-L3, posterior to the stomach and pancreas.
- Nephrons are the functional units of the urinary system (about 2.2 million per kidney).
- Each nephron filters nitrogenous waste from blood, forms urine, and removes excess water and electrolytes.
- Renal arteries carry blood into the kidneys, while renal veins carry blood out.
Nephron Structure and Function
- Afferent arterioles carry blood into individual nephrons, specifically into the glomeruli.
- Efferent arterioles carry blood out of individual nephrons, specifically away from the glomeruli.
- The glomerulus is a ball of capillaries that filters substances out of blood and into Bowman's capsule.
- The glomerulus filters out water, ions, glucose, and amino acids, but not red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, or plasma proteins.
- Filtered substances pass through the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
Nephron Processes
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): Approximately 65% of water, ions, bicarbonate, and H+ are reabsorbed. 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed.
- Descending Loop of Henle: Water reabsorption only.
- Ascending Loop of Henle/Early DCT: Solute (e.g., sodium) reabsorption only.
- Late DCT/Collecting Duct: Fine-tuning of reabsorption based on bodily needs.
Hormones Involved
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Causes increased water reabsorption in the late DCT/collecting duct.
- Aldosterone: Causes increased sodium reabsorption in the late DCT/collecting duct.
Urine Flow
- Urine flows from the collecting duct into the renal pelvis, then to the ureters, the urinary bladder, and finally out the urethra.
Kidney Location
- Located in the retroperitoneal space, behind the stomach and pancreas
- Positioned between the levels of T12 and L3 vertebrae
Nephron: The Functional Unit
- Each kidney contains approximately 2.2 million nephrons, the filtering units of the urinary system.
- Nephrons filter nitrogenous waste from the blood, regulate water balance, and remove excess electrolytes.
- Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and leaves through the renal veins.
Nephron Blood Flow
- Afferent arterioles carry blood into individual nephrons, specifically into the glomeruli.
- Efferent arterioles carry blood away from individual nephrons, specifically away from the glomeruli.
Glomerular Filtration
- The glomerulus, a ball of capillaries, filters substances from the blood into Bowman's capsule.
- Filtrate then passes through the:
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Collecting duct
- Reabsorption: Most water, ions, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
- Non-filterable substances: Large molecules like red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins (albumin) do not filter out. These are too big and remain in the blood.
Nephron Tubule Function
-
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
- Reabsorbs 65% of water, ions, bicarbonate, and H+
- Reabsorbs 100% of glucose and amino acids (these should not be present in urine)
-
Descending Loop of Henle:
- Only reabsorbs water.
-
Ascending Loop of Henle/Early DCT:
- Only reabsorbs solutes, particularly sodium.
-
Late DCT/Collecting Duct:
- Fine-tunes reabsorption based on the body's needs.
Hormone Regulation
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Increases water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting duct.
- Aldosterone: Increases sodium reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting duct.
Urine Flow
- After the collecting duct, urine passes through:
- Renal pelvis
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder (UB)
- Urethra
- Finally excreted from the body.
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Description
Explore the crucial functions and locations of the kidneys and nephrons. This quiz covers the anatomy of the renal system, including blood flow, filtration, and urine formation. Test your knowledge of the glomerular filtration process and nephron structure.
