Human Anatomy: Joints and Articulations
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of synovial joints in the human body?

  • To allow for bone growth
  • To connect the spinal cord to the brain
  • To provide flexibility for gross movement (correct)
  • To hold skeletal bones together

    • What type of joints are found in the upper limbs?

  • Slightly movable joints
  • Freely movable joints (correct)
  • Immovable joints
  • Fibrous joints

    • What is the term for joints that are connected by cartilage?

  • Fibrous joints
  • Synovial joints
  • Cartilaginous joints (correct)
  • Amphiarthroses

    • How many joints are found in the human body?

    <p>496</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of raising arms above the head in the frontal plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibrous connective tissue in joints?

    <p>To hold bones together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue connects muscle to bone?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for joints that are immovable?

    <p>Synarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the bursa?

    <p>Bursitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the shoulder joint an example of?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the returning of arms to the side in the frontal plane?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fibrous sac that holds synovial fluid and reduces friction between muscles, tendons, and bones?

    <p>Bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of synovial joints has the most instability due to its shape?

    <p>Ball &amp; Socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ligaments in synovial joints?

    <p>To hold the bones together in the correct position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of synovial fluid that provides lubrication?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of synovial joints has only one range of movement?

    <p>Hinge joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickness of the articular cartilage that covers each bone in a synovial joint?

    <p>2 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of synovial joints is characterized by a multi-directional range of movement?

    <p>Ball &amp; Socket joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves lifting a body part in the frontal plane?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for moving a body part backward in a transverse or horizontal direction?

    <p>Retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement decreases the joint angle?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for moving beyond the zero position of a joint?

    <p>Hyperextension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves one end of a joint remaining stationary, while the other end makes a circular motion?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for returning to the anatomical position from an elevated position?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for tilting the hand towards the thumb?

    <p>Radial flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bending the thumb towards the palm of the hand?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for pointing the toes upwards?

    <p>Dorsiflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for turning the plantar surface towards the median?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the joint between the clavicle and acromion?

    <p>Acromial-clavicular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for spreading the fingers apart?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cranial sutures becoming ossified?

    <p>Immobile joints in the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by dense connective tissue?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periodontal ligament?

    <p>Holding teeth in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'joint' that forms when two bones fuse together?

    <p>Synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is formed when the growth plate fuses in long bones?

    <p>Synostosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 'joint' found only in the mouth where teeth attach to bone?

    <p>Gomphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characteristic of the tibia and fibula at the distal end?

    <p>Syndesmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is formed when bone is bound by hyaline cartilage?

    <p>Synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lifting a body part in the frontal plane?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for moving a body part forward in a transverse or horizontal direction?

    <p>Protraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sternocostal joints?

    <p>To enable thoracic wall mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of a long bone in a child is responsible for growth?

    <p>Physis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the joint between the first rib and the sternum?

    <p>Synchondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage?

    <p>Symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane does elevation occur?

    <p>Frontal or coronal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ligaments in a synovial joint?

    <p>To hold the bones in the correct position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

    <p>To reduce friction between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint?

    <p>To produce synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Ball & Socket joints?

    <p>They have a multi-directional range of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Hinge joints?

    <p>They have a single range of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of synovial fluid that provides lubrication?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type is characterized by the presence of a single synovial joint capsule enclosing two joints?

    <p>Complex joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the radio-ulnar joint in the forearm?

    <p>It permits the forearm rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of synovial fluid in the bursa, often due to chronic or acute irritation?

    <p>Bursitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joints are found in the hand and wrist?

    <p>Saddle, gliding, and condyloid joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a muscle or tendon tear?

    <p>Strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint between the coxal bone and the femur?

    <p>Hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of joints in the human body?

    <p>To allow the skeleton some flexibility for gross movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joints that are immovable?

    <p>Synarthroses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints involve spinning of one bone on another?

    <p>Pivot joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Condyloid joints?

    <p>Two ranges of motion, including sagittal and frontal planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints have characteristics of multiple joint types?

    <p>Complex joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the articular disc in some joints?

    <p>To reduce friction between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are characterized by two bones with concave and convex surfaces?

    <p>Saddle joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints involve the sliding of bone surfaces?

    <p>Gliding joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of the forearm when the palm faces posterior or dorsal?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bending the fingers towards the palm of the hand?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of the ankle when the toes are lifted up?

    <p>Dorsiflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bringing the thumb towards the index finger?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint that connects the scapula to the thorax?

    <p>Acromial-clavicular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for turning the plantar surface laterally?

    <p>Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tendons in synovial joints?

    <p>To hold muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint that allows for abduction, flexion, and rotation?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bursa in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction between muscles, tendons, and bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of returning arms to the side?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue holds bone to bone in synovial joints?

    <p>Collagen-based connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the radio-ulnar joint in the forearm?

    <p>It permits rotation of the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint that is actually two joints in one area?

    <p>Complex joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three joints in the elbow area?

    <p>Humero-ulnar, humero-radial, and radio-ulnar joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Joints and Their Classification

    • Joints are classified into three main categories: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints
    • Fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue, e.g., skull sutures
    • Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage, e.g., costal cartilages and sternum
    • Synovial joints are complex structures with cartilage and cavities, e.g., shoulder, elbow, and knee joints

    Types of Synovial Joints

    • Ball and socket joints: allow for multi-directional movement, e.g., shoulder and hip joints
    • Hinge joints: allow for one plane of movement, e.g., elbow and knee joints
    • Pivot joints: allow for rotation around a single axis, e.g., forearm and vertebral column
    • Saddle joints: allow for two planes of movement, e.g., thumb and sternum/clavicle joints
    • Condyloid joints: allow for two planes of movement, e.g., fingers and wrist joints
    • Gliding joints: allow for limited movement, e.g., carpal bones and patella-femur joints

    Movements of Synovial Joints

    • Flexion: decreasing joint angle, e.g., bending elbow or knee
    • Extension: increasing joint angle, e.g., straightening elbow or knee
    • Hyperextension: moving beyond the zero position, e.g., straightening knee beyond 180°
    • Abduction: moving away from the midline of the body, e.g., raising arm or leg to the side
    • Adduction: moving towards the midline of the body, e.g., lowering arm or leg back to the midline
    • Circumduction: moving in a circular motion, e.g., drawing a circle with the arm or leg
    • Rotation: turning around a single axis, e.g., rotating the head or forearm
    • Supination: turning the palm upwards, e.g., turning the forearm to face upwards
    • Pronation: turning the palm downwards, e.g., turning the forearm to face downwards
    • Opposition: bringing the thumb and fingers together, e.g., grasping with the hand
    • Reposition: returning to the zero position from opposition, e.g., releasing the grasp

    Specific Joints and Their Movements

    • Shoulder joint: allows for abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, rotation, and circumduction
    • Elbow joint: allows for flexion and extension
    • Forearm joints: allow for supination and pronation
    • Wrist joints: allow for flexion, extension, radial flexion, ulnar flexion, and circumduction
    • Hand joints: allow for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of fingers
    • Thumb joints: allow for flexion, extension, opposition, and reposition
    • Ankle joints: allow for dorsiflection, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion
    • Foot joints: allow for plantar flexion, dorsiflection, inversion, and eversion

    Complex Joints

    • Humero-scapular joint: a complex joint that allows for multiple movements, including abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, and rotation
    • Temporo-mandibular joint: a complex joint that allows for lateral and dorsal/ventral movement### Joints and Their Mobility
    • The temporo-mandibular joint (jaw) is an example of a synovial joint.
    • The sterno-clavicular joint (collarbones) and distal tibia-fibula joint (ankle) are also synovial joints.

    Accessories to Synovial Joints

    • Tendons: collagen-based connective tissue that hold muscles to bones, providing dynamic stability.
    • Ligaments: collagen-based connective tissue that hold bones to bones, providing static stability.
    • Bursa: fibrous "sac" that holds synovial fluid, reducing friction between muscles, tendons, and bones.

    Movements of Various Joints

    • The shoulder joint (ball and socket) is a multiarticulate joint, allowing for:
      • Abduction of the arm (moving away from the anatomical position in the frontal plane).
      • Flexion of the arm (extending to shake hands or open a door).
      • Rotation of the arm (sweeping the desk).
    • Abduction refers to raising arms above the head, while adduction refers to returning arms to the side.

    Complex Joints

    • The elbow joint is a complex joint consisting of two joints in one area: the humero-ulnar joint and the humero-radial joint, enclosed by a single synovial joint capsule.
    • The radio-ulnar joint, which permits forearm rotation (supine/prone), is the third joint in the elbow area.

    Features of the Hand and Wrist

    • The hand and wrist comprise a number of different joint types, including saddle, gliding, and condyloid joints.
    • These joints give the hands and fingers a great deal of mobility.

    Other Joints

    • Costovertebral joints make connections in the spine.
    • The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the coxal bone and femur.
    • Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune disease.
    • Osteoarthritis: bone degeneration due to old age.
    • Bursitis: accumulation of synovial fluid in the bursa due to chronic or acute irritation.
    • Sprain: ligament tear.
    • Strain: tendon or muscle tear.

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