Human Anatomy: Heart Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of using Heparinized Solution during surgery?

To decrease clotting ability of blood (correct)

To visualize blood vessels

To stimulate heart contractions

To relax blood vessels

Which medication is specifically used to relax blood vessels?

Heparinized Solution

Contrast Dye

Sarin

Papavarine (correct)

For which condition is a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) primarily indicated?

Three-vessel coronary artery disease (correct)

Aneurysms of the heart

Single vessel disease

Valvular heart disease

What is the main benefit of using the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as a graft?

It has excellent long-term patency. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a pacemaker?

To sense and normalize heart rhythms Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)?

It can pace the heart as well as defibrillate. Signup and view all the answers

What surgical procedure is performed to re-establish blood flow to an obstructed leg?

Femoral Popliteal Bypass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of grafts is considered best for patency and longevity in bypass surgeries?

Saphenous vein grafts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of performing a CABG procedure?

To bypass scarred stenosis and restore blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

What role does Contrast Dye play in surgical procedures?

To assist in visualizing blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What role does the perfusionist play during cardiac surgery?

Operates the Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine Signup and view all the answers

Which sutures are commonly used for valve repair and replacements?

Ticron sutures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine during surgery?

To temporarily substitute the heart and lungs Signup and view all the answers

Where is the venous cannula inserted during a surgical procedure?

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cardioplegia catheter during surgery?

To administer cardioplegia solution to protect the heart Signup and view all the answers

During the induction phase of general anesthesia, which patient condition requires close monitoring?

Patients with ventricular ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood flows through the pulmonary arteries?

Deoxygenated blood from the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the muscular contraction of the heart?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

What does the number of diseased coronary arteries indicate during surgical preparation?

The number of sutures needed for the operation Signup and view all the answers

Which valve regulates blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiac Anatomy

Chambers of the Heart: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
Valves: Tricuspid (between right atrium and ventricle), pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries), mitral (between left atrium and ventricle), aortic (between left ventricle and aorta).
Heart Walls: Epicardium (outer layer), myocardium (muscle layer), endocardium (inner layer).

Blood Circulation

Deoxygenated Blood Pathway: Superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs.
Oxygenated Blood Pathway: Pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > body.

Nursing Interventions

Cardiac Catheterization Report: Assess stenosis in coronary arteries for potential bypass grafts.
Coronary Artery Disease Indicators: Number of diseased arteries suggests needed sutures and surgery duration; report may indicate left ventricular function.
Anesthesia: General anesthesia with endotracheal tube; critical monitoring for patients with ventricular ischemia.
Surgical Position: Supine position for median sternotomy during valve replacement/repair or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
Sutures Used in Surgery:
- Surgipro/Prolene: Synthetic, non-absorbable, monofilament for vessel anastomosis.
- Ticron: Synthetic, non-absorbable, braided for valve repairs; common sizes are #11 and #15.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine (CPBM)

Function: Temporarily replaces heart and lung function by diverting blood flow.
Components:
- Venous Cannula: Diverts deoxygenated blood from right atrium.
- Arterial Cannula: Returns oxygenated blood into the aorta.
- Cardioplegia Catheter: Administers cardioplegia to prevent ischemic damage during surgery.
- Venous Reservoir: Collects venous blood pre-oxygenation and temperature control.

Medications and Solutions in Surgery

Heparinized Solution: Anticoagulant to reduce clotting during surgery.
Papaverine: Vasodilator to relax blood vessels and facilitate surgery.
Contrast Dye: Visualizes blood vessels during imaging.

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts (CABG)

Indication: Patients with left main or three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD).
Goal: Revascularize ischemic myocardium to alleviate angina pectoris.
Graft Choices:
- LIMA: Left internal mammary artery for left anterior descending artery.
- RIMA: Right internal mammary artery for right coronary artery.
Advantages of Mammary Arteries: Excellent long-term patency and already connected to aorta.

Pacemaker

Purpose: Senses and corrects bradycardia/tachycardia to restore normal heart rhythms; initiates heart contractions.

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

Function: Monitors and delivers shocks for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation; can pace the heart.

Femoral Popliteal Bypass

Indication: Restores blood flow to one leg when major arterial blockage occurs.
Graft Choice: Saphenous vein is preferred for its long-term durability.

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Description

Explore the anatomy of the heart including its chambers, valves, and walls. This quiz focuses on the flow of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood through the heart and major vessels. Understand the nursing interventions related to cardiac care.