Human Anatomy: Digestive System Overview

<p>It is routed back towards the heart via the hepatic vein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver → hepatic ducts → gallbladder → common bile duct → intestines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorbing bile salts, water, and electrolytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochloric acid (HCL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 meter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peyer's Patches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide increased surface area for absorption of nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize hydrochloric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To release antibacterial molecules like lysozyme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the intestinal crypts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvilli are cellular extensions, while villi are larger structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goblet cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane of microvilli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming the surface of the villi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heightened susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as an antibacterial agent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To emulsify lipids, increasing the surface area for enzyme action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the small intestine, with the aid of pancreatic lipases and bile salts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid molecules clump together and are not well mixed in the aqueous environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates fat digestion but accounts for a small percentage of total fat breakdown. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are crucial for lipid digestion in the small intestine after emulsification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivary amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More potent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum and jejunum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are absorbed directly into the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endopeptidases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport via transport proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the brush border of absorptive cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are stored as components of cell protein. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvilli peptidases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To actively transport amino acids into absorptive cells and then out to the capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine, increasing surface area for absorption.

Microscopic projections on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, further increasing surface area for absorption.

Specialized cells within intestinal crypts that produce antibacterial substances like lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides.

Enzymes attached to the cell membrane of microvilli, aiding in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

A dietary pattern that restricts eating to a specific time window, typically 8-12 hours per day.

A type of intermittent fasting that involves alternating periods of eating and fasting.

The time window during which a person eats, as opposed to fasting.

The time window during which a person fasts, as opposed to eating.

The first 25 centimeters of the small intestine. It receives acidic chyme from the stomach, pancreatic secretions, and bile from the liver to begin the digestive process.

The middle section of the small intestine, measuring about 1 meter in length. It's characterized by numerous folds and villi, maximizing surface area for nutrient absorption.

The last 2 meters of the small intestine. While it has fewer folds than the jejunum, it still absorbs nutrients, particularly bile salts, water, and electrolytes.

A ring of muscle that controls the flow of food from the stomach into the small intestine.

A flap of tissue that prevents food from flowing back from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Specialized cells in the liver that act as phagocytes, engulfing and breaking down foreign particles and debris.

The liver's remarkable ability to repair and restore itself after damage or removal.

The liver produces bile, a fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.

The main output of the liver's endocrine function, carried by the hepatic vein to the heart.

A small sac that stores bile produced by the liver.

Triglycerides are broken down with the help of enzymes called lipases.

Enzymes that digest triglycerides are called lipases.

Bile salts break down fat into smaller droplets which makes it more accessible to lipases

The process where large fat droplets are broken down into smaller droplets. It increases the surface area for lipases to act upon.

Lingual lipase is an enzyme in saliva that starts the digestion of triglycerides.

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars like maltose.

The initial stage of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth, where salivary amylase breaks down starch into smaller polysaccharides.

Pancreatic amylase is more effective than salivary amylase at breaking down carbohydrates in the small intestine.

The small intestine, specifically the duodenum and jejunum, is where the majority of carbohydrate digestion takes place.

Within 30 minutes, pancreatic amylase breaks down almost all carbohydrates into smaller sugar molecules, especially maltose.

Lactase breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose, sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, and maltase breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules.

The final products of carbohydrate digestion are simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptides by cleaving internal peptide bonds.

Enzymes that break down proteins by removing single amino acids from the ends of peptide chains.

The final products of protein digestion are almost entirely single amino acids that enter the bloodstream.

Amino acids are transported across the intestinal lining using carrier proteins.

The primary mechanism for absorbing calcium ions into the bloodstream.

A hormone that regulates calcium levels, activating vitamin D, which is crucial for calcium absorption.

The process by which amino acids are taken up from the digestive system and enter the body's circulation.

Amino acids can only be stored as components of cell proteins; excess amino acids cannot be stored directly.