Human Anatomy: Digestive System Organs

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the liver?

  • Stores bile
  • Digests carbohydrates
  • Produces insulin
  • Secretes bile (correct)

Which statement accurately describes the gallbladder?

  • It stores and concentrates bile. (correct)
  • It produces bile.
  • It secretes insulin.
  • It's located behind the stomach.

What is the role of the pancreas as an endocrine gland?

  • Regulates blood glucose levels (correct)
  • Stores liver enzymes
  • Produces bile
  • Synthesizes albumin

Where is the pancreas located?

<p>Transversely across the posterior abdominal wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the liver is responsible for bile production?

<p>Right lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tongue?

<p>Speech and swallowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many permanent teeth do adults typically have?

<p>32 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which salivary gland is the largest?

<p>Parotid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the digestive system connects the mouth cavity to the esophagus?

<p>Oropharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the stomach?

<p>J-shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the small intestine?

<p>6 meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the stomach is located at the upper end near the esophagus?

<p>Cardiac part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion is primarily produced by the parotid salivary gland?

<p>Watery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest?

<p>Duodenum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the jejunum?

<p>2.5 meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is considered the widest?

<p>Cecum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the large intestine from the small intestine?

<p>Longitudinal bands called tenia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the small intestine length does the ileum approximate?

<p>3.5 meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The appendices epiploic in the large intestine are characterized by what?

<p>Fat filled sacs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total length of the small intestine?

<p>6 meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the narrowest part of the large intestine?

<p>Vermiform appendix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the liver in the synthesis of albumin?

<p>Production of blood proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the gallbladder related to bile?

<p>Storage and concentration of bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pancreas is primarily associated with its endocrine function?

<p>Islets of Langerhans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is not associated with the liver's structure?

<p>Accessory pancreatic duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates bile flow from the gallbladder to the duodenum?

<p>Cystic duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the duodenum compared to other parts of the small intestine?

<p>It is the most fixed and shortest part of the small intestine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is recognized for its segmental appearance?

<p>Large intestine overall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the length of the ileum compare to the jejunum?

<p>The ileum is longer than the jejunum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the vascularity of the jejunum?

<p>It is heavily vascularized with a thick wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is specifically described as the narrowest part of the large intestine?

<p>Vermiform appendix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum length of the small intestine?

<p>6 meters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure are appendices epiploic in the large intestine?

<p>Fat-filled sacs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine receives the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct?

<p>Duodenum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes deciduous teeth from permanent teeth?

<p>Deciduous teeth are fewer in number compared to permanent teeth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure directly connects the mouth cavity to the oropharynx?

<p>The pharyngeal isthmus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to the pyloric part of the stomach?

<p>It connects to the small intestine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion is primarily produced by the submandibular salivary gland?

<p>Viscid secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the transport of food to the stomach?

<p>Esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the stomach?

<p>Cardiac and pyloric (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the esophagus in centimeters?

<p>25 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tongue in the digestive system?

<p>To facilitate speech and taste sensation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the liver related to fat digestion?

<p>The liver secretes bile, which is important for fat digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the gallbladder in the digestive system.

<p>The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the duodenum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one function of the pancreas and its associated structure.

<p>The pancreas functions as both an endocrine gland by secreting insulin and as an exocrine gland by producing pancreatic enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two lobes of the liver, and what are their additional components?

<p>The liver has a small left lobe and a large right lobe, which contains the caudate and quadrate lobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does bile flow after being released from the gallbladder?

<p>After being released from the gallbladder, bile flows through the cystic duct to reach the second part of the duodenum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of teeth that humans have, and how many of each type are typically present?

<p>Humans have deciduous (milk) teeth, typically 20, and permanent teeth, typically 32.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of salivary glands and identify one feature of each.

<p>Parotid (largest, secretes watery saliva), Submandibular (located below the mandible, secretes viscous saliva), Sublingual (smallest, located on the floor of the mouth).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the structural characteristics of the ileum from the jejunum?

<p>The ileum has a narrow lumen with a less vascular thin wall, while the jejunum has a wide lumen and thick vascular wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many parts make up the duodenum and what is its shape?

<p>The duodenum consists of four parts and has a C-shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location and shape of the stomach in relation to other digestive organs.

<p>The stomach is J-shaped and located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, connected to the esophagus and small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ends and two borders of the stomach called?

<p>The two ends are called the cardiac and pyloric ends; the two borders are the lesser curvature and greater curvature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the length of the large intestine and its general location in the abdomen.

<p>The large intestine is approximately 1.5 meters long and is located in the periphery of the abdomen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature of the large intestine is characterized by its three longitudinal bands?

<p>The tenia coli are the three longitudinal bands that characterize the large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the esophagus and its primary function?

<p>The esophagus is approximately 25 cm long and its primary function is to transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length composition of the small intestine in terms of its parts?

<p>The small intestine is approximately 6 meters long, consisting of the duodenum (25 cm), jejunum (2.5 m), and ileum (3.5 m).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common pathway is shared by the pharynx, and what are its primary functions?

<p>The pharynx is a 15 cm common pathway for air and food, facilitating breathing and swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the small intestine, and how is length described?

<p>The two main parts of the small intestine are the duodenum and jejunum; its total length is about 6 meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is the narrowest, and what is its common name?

<p>The narrowest part of the large intestine is the vermiform appendix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the connection between the mouth cavity and the pharynx.

<p>The mouth cavity connects to the pharynx through the oropharyngeal isthmus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition of the large intestine with reference to its specific parts.

<p>The large intestine includes the cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, right and left colic flexures, transverse colon, descending colon, pelvic (sigmoid) colon, rectum, and anal canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature provides the large intestine with its segmental appearance?

<p>The segmental appearance of the large intestine is due to sacculation or haustration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two roles does the liver serve in detoxification?

<p>The liver detoxifies metabolites like bilirubin and estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for storing and concentrating bile?

<p>The gallbladder is responsible for storing and concentrating bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the two secretory functions of the pancreas.

<p>The pancreas functions as an endocrine gland by secreting insulin and glucagon, and as an exocrine gland by releasing pancreatic enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the two main lobes of the liver and their components.

<p>The liver has a small left lobe and a large right lobe, which contains the caudate and quadrate lobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway of bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine?

<p>Bile flows from the gallbladder through the cystic duct to the second part of the duodenum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical role do the vestibule and mouth cavity proper serve?

<p>The vestibule is the space between the cheeks and lips, while the mouth cavity proper is surrounded by the gums and teeth, both facilitating the intake of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of the tongue in the digestive process.

<p>The tongue is essential for speech and swallowing, and it contains receptors for taste and general sensation, aiding in food manipulation and intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference in secretion types among the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands.

<p>The parotid gland secretes watery saliva, the submandibular gland produces viscous saliva, and the sublingual gland also contributes viscous secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the stomach contribute to its function?

<p>The stomach has a J-shape with cardiac and pyloric ends, allowing it to store food and mix it with digestive juices effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the pharynx in the digestive system.

<p>The pharynx serves as a common pathway for food and air, directing food from the mouth to the esophagus during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having both deciduous and permanent teeth in humans?

<p>Deciduous teeth, which number 20, are replaced by 32 permanent teeth, providing necessary support for a growing child’s jaw and chewing capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the specific parts of the small intestine and their approximate lengths.

<p>The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, totaling approximately 6 meters in length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the defining characteristics of the pyloric part of the stomach?

<p>The pyloric part includes the pyloric canal and pylorus, regulating the passage of partially digested food into the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the duodenum and its shape?

<p>The duodenum is approximately 25 cm long and is C-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the vascularity of the jejunum compare to that of the ileum?

<p>The jejunum has a high vascularity, whereas the ileum has less vascularity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three distinguishing features of the large intestine?

<p>The large intestine features tenia coli, sacculation (haustration), and appendices epiploic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine resembles about 2/5 of its total length?

<p>The jejunum resembles about 2/5 of the total length of the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the lumen and wall characteristics of the ileum.

<p>The ileum has a narrow lumen and a less vascular thin wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total approximate length of the large intestine?

<p>The large intestine is approximately 1.5 meters long.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is considered the narrowest?

<p>The vermiform appendix is the narrowest part of the large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the duodenum in the digestive system?

<p>The duodenum receives the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct to aid digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liver Function

Largest gland, located in the upper right abdomen. It synthesizes albumin, secretes bile, produces clotting factors, and detoxifies metabolites.

Gallbladder

A pear-shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver used to store and concentrate bile.

Pancreas

Gland located behind the stomach that functions as both an endocrine and exocrine organ. It secretes insulin/glucagon and digestive enzymes.

Mouth cavity proper

Area enclosed by gums and teeth

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Vestibule (mouth cavity)

Space between checks, lips and teeth

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Tongue Function

Aids speech/swallowing with taste receptors.

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Deciduous Teeth Count

Number of deciduous teeth found in children.

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Parotid Gland Secretion

Watery saliva secretion

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Submandibular Gland Secretion

Viscous saliva secretion

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Pharynx Function

Common passage for food and air.

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Esophagus Role

Muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach.

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Stomach

The widest art of the alimentary canal.

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Duodenum

Most fixed and shortest part of the small intestine.

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Jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine, about 2/5ths of it's length.

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Ileum

Distal part of the small intestine, about 3/5ths of its length.

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Tenia Coli

Longitudinal bands on the large intestine.

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Haustration

Segmental appearance of the large intestine.

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Cecum

Widest part of the large intestine.

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Vermiform appendix

Narrowest part of the large intestine.

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Liver

A gland that Synthesizes albumin, secretes bile, produces clotting factors and detoxifies metabolites.

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Gallbladder

Sac that Stores and concentrates bile, which passes through the cystic duct to the duodenum

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Pancreas - Function

Gland which Secretes insulin, glucagon regulate blood glucose + pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.

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Tongue - Function

Assists with speech, swallowing, and taste.

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Parotid Gland

Largest salivary gland, produces watery secretion into the mouth vestibule.

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Submandibular Gland

Salivary gland Location below the mandible, produces viscous secretion into the floor of the mouth.

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Sublingual Gland

Salivary gland found on the floor of the mouth.

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Pharynx

15cm long, shared pathway for air and food.

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Small intestine

6 meter long intestine, with the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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Large intestine

1.5 meters long, includes teniae coli and haustrations

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Study Notes

Liver

  • Largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg
  • Located in the right upper part of the abdomen
  • Functions
    • Synthesis of albumin
    • Secretes bile, which is important for fat digestion
    • Synthesis of clotting factors
    • Detoxifies various metabolites (e.g., bilirubin and estrogen)
  • Composed of a small left lobe and a large right lobe, which contains the caudate and quadrate lobes

Gallbladder

  • Pear-shaped sac
  • Located at the inferior surface of the liver
  • Function:
    • Stores and concentrates bile
    • Bile travels through the cystic duct to reach the second part of the duodenum

Pancreas

  • Located transversely across the posterior abdominal wall
  • Has distinct parts: head, neck, body, and tail
  • Functions:
    • Endocrine gland: Secretes insulin and glucagon hormones, which regulate blood glucose
    • Exocrine gland: Secretes pancreatic enzymes through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts, which open at the second part of the duodenum

Gastrointestinal Tract (Digestive System)

Mouth Cavity

  • Parts:
    • Mouth cavity proper: The area enclosed by the gums and teeth
    • Vestibule: The space between the cheeks and lips externally and the gums and teeth internally
  • Content:
    • Tongue: Crucial for speech, swallowing, and contains receptors for general and taste sensation
    • Teeth: Two types:
      • Deciduous (milk) teeth in children (20)
      • Permanent teeth in adults (32)
    • Openings of salivary gland ducts: Secrete saliva into the mouth

Salivary Glands

  • Site:
    • Parotid: Side of the face behind the mandible
    • Submandibular: Below the mandible
    • Sublingual: Floor of the mouth
  • Size:
    • Parotid: Largest
    • Sublingual: Smallest
  • Duct termination:
    • Parotid: Mouth vestibule at the upper second molar
    • Submandibular: Floor of the mouth
  • Secretion:
    • Parotid: Watery
    • Submandibular: Viscid

Pharynx

  • 15 cm long, a common pathway for air and food
  • Connected to the oropharynx through the oropharyngeal isthmus

Esophagus

  • 25 cm muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

Stomach

  • Most dilated part of the alimentary canal
  • Located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity
  • J-shaped with:
    • Two ends: Cardiac and pyloric
    • Two borders: Lesser curvature and greater curvature
    • Two parts: Cardiac part (fundus and body) and pyloric part

Small Intestine

  • Length: 6 meters
  • Located in the central and lower parts of the abdomen
  • Parts:
    • Duodenum:
      • Most fixed and shortest part, measuring 25 cm
      • C-shaped with four parts (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
      • Receives the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct at its second part
    • Jejunum:
      • Middle part of the small intestine
      • Represents about 2/5 of the small intestine's length (2.5 meters)
      • Wide lumen with a thick vascular wall
    • Ileum:
      • Distal part of the small intestine
      • Represents about 3/5 of the small intestine's length (3.5 meters)
      • Narrow lumen with a thin less vascular wall

Large Intestine

  • Length: 1.5 meters
  • Located in the periphery of the abdomen
  • Characteristics:
    • Tenia coli: Three longitudinal bands
    • Sacculation/Haustration: Segmental appearance
    • Appendices epiploic: Fat-filled sacs
  • Parts:
    • Cecum: Widest part of the large intestine
    • Vermiform appendix: Narrowest part of the large intestine
    • Ascending colon
    • Right colic flexure
    • Transverse colon
    • Left colic flexure
    • Descending colon
    • Pelvic (sigmoid) colon
    • Rectum
    • Anal canal

Comparison of Intestine Lengths

  • Large intestine: 1.5 m
  • Small intestine: 6 m

Anatomy of the Liver

  • The largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg.
  • Located in the right upper part of the abdomen.
  • Composed of a small left lobe and a large right lobe, which includes the caudate and quadrate lobes.
  • Functions:
    • Synthesize albumin.
    • Secrete bile for fat digestion.
    • Synthesize clotting factors.
    • Detoxify metabolites like bilirubin and estrogen.

Anatomy of the Gallbladder

  • A pear-shaped sac located at the inferior surface of the liver.
  • Stores and concentrates bile.
  • Bile passes through the cystic duct to reach the second part of the duodenum.

Anatomy of the Pancreas

  • Lies transversely across the posterior abdominal wall.
  • Composed of a head, neck, body, and tail.
  • Functions:
    • Endocrine gland: Secretes insulin and glucagon hormones to regulate blood glucose.
    • Exocrine gland: Secretes pancreatic enzymes through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts that open into the second part of the duodenum.

Mouth Cavity

  • Divided into:
    • Mouth cavity proper: Surrounded by the gums and teeth.
    • Vestibule: Space between the cheeks/lips externally and gums/teeth internally.
  • Contains:
    • Tongue: Important for speech, swallowing, and contains taste receptors.
    • Teeth: Deciduous (milk) teeth in children (20) and permanent teeth in adults (32).
  • Openings of the salivary glands: Secrete saliva into the mouth.

Salivary Glands

  • Parotid:
    • Location: Side of face behind mandible.
    • Size: Largest.
    • Duct termination: Mouth vestibule at upper second molar.
    • Secretion: Watery.
  • Submandibular:
    • Location: Below mandible.
    • Size: In between.
    • Duct termination: Floor of the mouth.
    • Secretion: Viscid.
  • Sublingual:
    • Location: Floor of the mouth.
    • Size: Smallest.
    • Duct termination: Floor of the mouth.

Pharynx

  • 15 cm long common pathway for air and food.
  • Connected to the oropharynx through the oropharyngeal isthmus.

Esophagus

  • A 25 cm muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Stomach

  • The most dilated part of the alimentary canal.
  • Located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity.
  • J-shaped, with:
    • 2 ends: Cardiac and pyloric ends.
    • 2 borders: Lesser curvature and greater curvature.
    • 2 parts: Cardiac part (fundus and body) and pyloric part.

Small Intestine

  • Length: 6 meters.
  • Located in the central and lower parts of the abdomen.
  • Consists of:
    • Duodenum:
      • Most fixed and shortest part (25 cm).
      • C-shaped with four parts (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th).
      • Receives the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct in its second part.
    • Jejunum:
      • Middle part of the small intestine.
      • Approximately 2/5 of the small intestine's length (2.5 meters).
      • Wide lumen with a high vascular thick wall.
    • Ileum:
      • Distal part of the small intestine.
      • Approximately 3/5 of the small intestine's length (3.5 meters).
      • Narrow lumen with a less vascular thin wall.

Large Intestine

  • Length: 1.5 meters.
  • Located in the periphery of the abdomen.
  • Characterized by:
    • Tenia coli: Three longitudinal bands.
    • Sacculation/Haustration: Segmental appearance.
    • Appendices epiploic: Fat-filled sacs.
  • Consists of:
    • Cecum: Widest part of the large intestine.
    • Vermiform appendix: Narrowest part of the large intestine.
    • Ascending colon.
    • Right colic flexure.
    • Transverse colon.
    • Left colic flexure.
    • Descending colon.
    • Pelvic (sigmoid) colon.
    • Rectum.
    • Anal canal.

Length Comparison

  • Large intestine: 1.5 m
  • Small intestine: 6 m

Anatomy of the Liver

  • Largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg
  • Located in the right upper part of the abdomen
  • Composed of a small left lobe and a large right lobe, including the caudate and quadrate lobes
  • Functions:
    • Synthesis of albumin
    • Secretes bile, essential for fat digestion
    • Synthesis of clotting factors
    • Detoxifies various metabolites, such as bilirubin and estrogen

Anatomy of the Gallbladder

  • Pear-shaped sac
  • Located at the inferior surface of the liver
  • Function:
    • Stores and concentrates bile
    • Bile passes through the cystic duct to reach the second part of the duodenum

Anatomy of the Pancreas

  • Lies transversely across the posterior abdominal wall
  • Consists of four parts: head, neck, body, and tail
  • Functions:
    • Endocrine gland: Secretes insulin and glucagon hormones, which regulate blood glucose
    • Exocrine gland: Secretes pancreatic enzymes via the main and accessory pancreatic ducts, which open into the second part of the duodenum

Anatomy of the Mouth Cavity

  • Parts:
    • Mouth cavity proper: Surrounded by the gums and teeth
    • Vestibule: Located between the cheeks and lips externally and the gums and teeth internally
  • Content:
    • Tongue: Plays a vital role in speech, swallowing, and contains receptors for general and taste sensations
    • Teeth: Two types:
      • Deciduous (milk) teeth in children (20)
      • Permanent teeth in adults (32)
    • Salivary glands: Secrete saliva into the mouth

Anatomy of the Salivary Glands

  • Types:
    • Parotid: Largest gland, located on the side of the face behind the mandible
    • Submandibular: Located below the mandible
    • Sublingual: Smallest gland, located on the floor of the mouth
  • Duct Termination:
    • Parotid: Mouth vestibule at the upper second molar
    • Submandibular: Floor of the mouth
  • Secretion:
    • Parotid: Watery
    • Submandibular: Viscid

Anatomy of the Pharynx

  • 15 cm long common pathway for air and food (see the respiratory system lecture)
  • Mouth cavity connects to the oropharynx through the oropharyngeal isthmus

Anatomy of the Esophagus

  • 25 cm muscular tube
  • Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

Anatomy of the Stomach

  • Most dilated part of the alimentary canal
  • Located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity
  • J-shaped structure with:
    • Ends: Cardiac and pyloric
    • Borders: Lesser curvature and greater curvature
    • Parts: Cardiac part (fundus and body) and pyloric part

Anatomy of the Small Intestine

  • 6 meters in length
  • Located in the central and lower parts of the abdomen
  • Parts:
    • Duodenum:
      • Most fixed and shortest part (25 cm)
      • C-shaped with four parts (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
      • Receives the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct at its second part
    • Jejunum:
      • Middle part of the small intestine
      • Represents about 2/5 of the length (2.5 meters)
      • Wide lumen with a high vascular thick wall
    • Ileum:
      • Distal part of the small intestine
      • Represents about 3/5 of the length (3.5 meters)
      • Narrow lumen with a less vascular thin wall

Anatomy of the Large Intestine

  • 1.5 meters in length
  • Located in the periphery of the abdomen
  • Characteristics:
    • Tenia coli: Three longitudinal bands
    • Sacculation/Haustration: Segmental appearance
    • Appendices epiploic: Fat-filled sacs
  • Parts:
    • Cecum: Widest part of the large intestine
    • Vermiform appendix: Narrowest part of the large intestine
    • Ascending colon
    • Right colic flexure
    • Transverse colon
    • Left colic flexure
    • Descending colon
    • Pelvic (sigmoid) colon
    • Rectum
    • Anal canal

Comparison of Small and Large Intestine Length

  • Small intestine: 6 meters
  • Large intestine: 1.5 meters

Liver

  • The largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg.
  • Located in the right upper part of the abdomen.
  • Synthesizes albumin.
  • Secretes bile, essential for fat digestion.
  • Produces clotting factors.
  • Detoxifies various metabolites, including bilirubin and estrogen.
  • Consists of a small left lobe and a larger right lobe, which includes the caudate and quadrate lobes.

Gall Bladder

  • Pear-shaped sac found on the inferior surface of the liver.
  • Stores and concentrates bile.
  • Bile travels through the cystic duct to reach the second part of the duodenum.

Pancreas

  • Lies transversely across the posterior abdominal wall.
  • Composed of a head, neck, body, and tail.
  • Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
  • Secretes insulin and glucagon, regulating blood glucose levels.
  • Secretes pancreatic enzymes through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts, which open into the second part of the duodenum.

Gastro-intestinal Tract

  • The digestive system.

Mouth Cavity

  • Divided into two parts, the mouth cavity proper and the vestibule.
  • Mouth cavity proper: The space surrounded by the gums and teeth.
  • Vestibule: The space between the cheeks and lips externally and the gums and teeth internally.
  • Contains the tongue:
    • Important for speech and swallowing.
    • Contains taste receptors.
  • Contains teeth:
    • Deciduous (milk) teeth in children (20 teeth).
    • Permanent teeth in adults (32 teeth).
  • Salivary glands: Secrete saliva into the mouth
    • Parotid: Largest salivary gland, located on the side of the face behind the mandible. Its duct opens at the upper second molar.
    • Submandibular: Located below the mandible. Its duct opens on the floor of the mouth.
    • Sublingual: The smallest salivary gland, located on the floor of the mouth. Its duct opens on the floor of the mouth.

Pharynx

  • A 15 cm long, muscular tube that serves as a common pathway for air and food.
  • The mouth cavity connects to the oropharynx through the oropharyngeal isthmus.

Esophagus

  • A 25 cm long, muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Stomach

  • The most dilated part of the alimentary canal.
  • Located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity.
  • J-shaped, with two ends (cardiac and pyloric), two borders (lesser and greater curvature), and two parts (cardiac and pyloric).

Small Intestine

  • 6 meters long.
  • Located in the central and lower parts of the abdomen.
  • Divided into three parts:
    • Duodenum:
      • The shortest and most fixed part of the small intestine, measuring 25 cm.
      • C-shaped, divided into four parts (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th).
      • Receives the opening of the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct at its second part.
    • Jejunum:
      • The middle part of the small intestine.
      • Represents approximately 2/5 of the small intestine's length (2.5 meters).
      • Has a wide lumen and a thick, vascular wall.
    • Ileum:
      • The distal part of the small intestine.
      • Represents about 3/5 of the small intestine's length (3.5 meters).
      • Has a narrow lumen and a thin, less vascular wall.

Large Intestine

  • Approximately 1.5 meters long.
  • Located in the periphery of the abdomen.
  • Characteristics:
    • Tenia coli: Three longitudinal bands of muscle.
    • Sacculation or haustration: Segmental appearance.
    • Appendices epiploic: Fat-filled sacs.
  • Parts:
    • Cecum: The widest part of the large intestine.
    • Vermiform appendix: The narrowest part of the large intestine.
    • Ascending colon.
    • Right colic flexure.
    • Transverse colon.
    • Left colic flexure.
    • Descending colon.
    • Pelvic (sigmoid) colon.
    • Rectum.
    • Anal canal.

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