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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
Which type of muscle is found in the upper third of the esophagus?
What is the role of gastrin in the digestive process?
Which type of cell in the stomach is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid?
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What happens to the epithelium of the esophagus?
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Which section of the stomach is specifically designed for storage?
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Which substance is primarily responsible for the digestion of proteins in the stomach?
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What is the main function of mucous neck cells in the stomach?
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What is the primary function of saliva?
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Which of the following tissues is found covering the root of a tooth?
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What type of cells are found in the pulp of the tooth?
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Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for peristalsis?
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Which gland is primarily serous and found in the oral cavity?
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What is the role of the lamina propria in the mucosa?
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What type of tissue makes up the enamel of teeth?
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What is released by the glands in response to parasympathetic stimulation related to food?
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Study Notes
Enamel
- Hardest tissue in the body
- Made of calcium phosphate and carbonate
- Does not contain cells
- Lacks sensation
Dentin
- Similar to bone but contains odontoblasts
- Odontoblasts are located in the pulp, not scattered throughout the dentin
Pulp
- Soft tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
Cementum
- Calcified connective tissue covering the root
- Attached to the alveolar bone by the periodontal ligament
Periodontal Ligament
- Contains collagen fibers
- Rapid turnover
Salivary Glands
- Three pairs of glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
- Produce saliva in response to parasympathetic stimulation triggered by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
- Saliva contains water, mucus, and enzymes
- Enzymes include amylase (breaks down starches) and lysozyme (antibacterial)
Digestion
- Chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules
- Requires secretion
Absorption
- Movement of nutrients, water, and electrolytes through epithelial lining of the gut into blood or lymph
Gut Tube Layers
- Four layers: Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, and Serosa
- Mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
- Submucosa: thick layer of loose connective tissue
- Muscularis Externa: smooth muscle, inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
- Serosa: slippery outer layer, known as visceral peritoneum
Esophagus
- Functions: transport, protection
- Four layers: Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa
- Epithelium: thick, multi-layered, stratified squamous, sacrificial outer layers for protection
- Muscularis Externa: smooth muscle, skeletal muscle in upper third to allow rapid contraction and voluntary control of swallowing
- Serosa: covered with fibrous adventitia
Stomach
- J-shaped bag with capacity of 1.5 liters
- Functions: storage, secretion, digestion, absorption, protection, transport
- Four regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
- Well-developed muscular sphincter at outlet: pyloric sphincter
- Longitudinal folds (rugae) when empty
Gastric Cells
- Enteroendocrine cells: secrete gastrin, stimulates acid and pepsinogen secretion, increases muscular contractions of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter
- Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase, pepsinogen converted to pepsin by acid
- Mucous neck cells: secrete soluble acid mucus
- Parietal cells: secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
- Undifferentiated cells: stem cells that divide to generate new cells
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of dental tissues, salivary glands, and their roles in digestion and absorption. Test your knowledge on enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, and the salivary glands, including their structures and physiological importance.
