Human Anatomy Chapter 3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of passive transport?

  • It involves the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient.
  • It requires energy input.
  • It does not require energy input. (correct)
  • It only occurs in specific types of cells.

    • Which of the following molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion?

  • Sodium ions
  • Steroid hormones (correct)
  • Proteins
  • Glucose

    • What term describes the natural movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration?

  • Active Transport
  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion (correct)
  • Facilitated Transport

    • Which type of passive transport specifically relates to the movement of water?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In passive transport, what is meant by 'moving down a concentration gradient'?

    <p>Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of active transport directly uses ATP hydrolysis for energy?

    <p>Primary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of active transport relies on ionic gradients for energy?

    <p>Secondary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when large particles are transported into a cell?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT a type of endocytosis?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for vesicular transport?

    <p>Hydrolysis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endocytosis involves the uptake of fluid?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport moves materials from one organelle to another within the cell?

    <p>Vesicular trafficking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about secondary active transport is true?

    <p>It indirectly uses energy from ionic gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the plasma membrane in a cell?

    <p>It separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT considered a basic part of a human cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cell theory state about cells?

    <p>All living things are composed of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of membrane proteins?

    <p>They perform specific tasks related to cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the nucleus of a cell?

    <p>It contains the cell's DNA and controls cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells depend on individual and combined activities?

    <p>The combined activities of cells determine how well the organism functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a generalized cell from specialized cells?

    <p>Generalized cells have a common structure and function, unlike specialized cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cytoplasm in a cell?

    <p>It contains organelles and intracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anticodon in a tRNA molecule?

    <p>It specifies the amino acid that the tRNA can carry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of translation involves the small ribosomal subunit binding to the mRNA?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the elongation phase, what occurs during codon recognition?

    <p>tRNA binds to the complementary codon in the A site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the end of the initiation phase of translation?

    <p>The initiator tRNA is in the P site, and the A and E sites are empty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of events in the elongation phase of translation?

    <p>Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first amino acid incorporated during translation initiation?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the translation process?

    <p>ATP and protein factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the start codon important in translation?

    <p>It determines the amino acid sequence of the protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does John Maynard Keynes suggest about the nature of economics?

    <p>It is a method of thinking to reach conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Alfred Marshall, what does the study of economics primarily focus on?

    <p>Human behavior in relation to material wellbeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of economics does Jim Duesenberry emphasize?

    <p>The choices people make and their implications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cell biology, what does the M (mitotic) phase primarily involve?

    <p>The division of the nucleus and cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the control of cell division considered crucial?

    <p>To ensure cells divide only when necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mitosis specifically refer to in the cell cycle?

    <p>The distribution of duplicated DNA to daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Jacob Viner's definition of economics?

    <p>Economics is defined by the actions of economists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells do not divide efficiently according to the content?

    <p>Skeletal, cardiac, and nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Theory and Structure

    • Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of life.
    • Organisms' overall function depends on the activities of individual cells.
    • Cells originate only from pre-existing cells.

    Generalized Cell Structure

    • Human cells consist of three main parts:
      • Plasma Membrane: Flexible outer boundary regulating entry and exit.
      • Cytoplasm: Intracellular fluid containing organelles.
      • Nucleus: Control center housing DNA.

    Plasma Membrane Functions

    • Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF).
    • Actively controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

    Membrane Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive Transport: No energy required, includes:
      • Simple Diffusion: Nonpolar substances move directly through the lipid bilayer (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide).
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Involves carrier proteins for polar substances.
      • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

    Active Transport

    • Primary Active Transport: Energy from ATP hydrolysis moves substances against their concentration gradient.
    • Secondary Active Transport: Utilizes ionic gradients created by primary transport to move substances indirectly.

    Vesicular Transport

    • Involves movement of large particles and fluids via vesicles and requires energy.
    • Types include:
      • Endocytosis: Transport into the cell (includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated).
      • Exocytosis: Transport out of the cell.
      • Vesicular Trafficking: Transport within the cell to different organelles.

    DNA and Protein Synthesis

    • DNA Replication: The process by which cells copy their DNA before division.
    • Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
    • Translation: Conversion of RNA into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome, consisting of:
      • Initiation: Assembling ribosome and tRNA at the start codon.
      • Elongation: Adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
      • Termination: Reaching a stop codon and releasing the polypeptide.

    Cell Division

    • Occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle, which includes:
      • Mitosis: Distribution of duplicated DNA to daughter cells.
      • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.
    • Control of division is crucial to prevent unnecessary replication.

    Importance of DNA and Protein Synthesis in Cells

    • Specific tRNA molecules bind to corresponding amino acids determined by their anticodon.
    • Requires ATP and several proteins and enzymes to drive the translation process effectively.

    Cell Properties

    • Skeletal, cardiac, and nerve cells have limited division capabilities and are often replaced by scar tissue when injured.

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