Anatomy and Physiology - The Cell Re-Test

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Questions and Answers

What does tonicity mean?

Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Antiporter = A transport protein that moves two substances in opposite directions. Symporter = A transport protein that moves two substances in the same direction. Vesicle = A small membrane-bound sac that transports substances. Endocytosis = The process by which a cell takes in materials by engulfing them. Exocytosis = The process by which a cell expels materials in vesicles. Cytosol = The liquid portion of the cytoplasm. Organelles = Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions. Centrosome = An organelle that organizes microtubules. Cilia = Small hair-like structures that aid in movement. Flagella = Long whip-like structures used for movement. Ribosomes = Molecular machines that synthesize proteins. Endoplasmic Reticulum = An organelle involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Golgi Complex = An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins. Lysosomes = Organelles that contain digestive enzymes. Mitochondria = Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration. Transcription = The process of copying DNA to RNA. Translation = The process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.

How is mitosis different than meiosis? List and describe at least 3 differences.

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, Meiosis results in four genetically varied cells; Mitosis is for growth and repair, Meiosis is for sexual reproduction; Mitosis involves one division, Meiosis involves two divisions.

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n). Signup and view all the answers

The cytoplasm of a cell is made up of which of the following?

The cytosol and organelles Signup and view all the answers

In what part of the cell would you find most of a cell's genetic material?

nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the basic structure of the plasma membrane of a cell?

lipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane proteins are involved with the transport of molecules that otherwise would be unable to enter the cell?

carrier proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the labeled structures in the image are examples of integral, transmembrane proteins?

Structures B and C Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intravenous solution would be recommended for a patient who is severely dehydrated?

hypertonic solution Signup and view all the answers

Sodium-potassium pumps are examples of what type of cellular transport?

primary active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is being transported out of the cell?

both Na+ and K+ Signup and view all the answers

In the image above, what is the role of ATP?

it provides the energy needed to run the protein 'pump' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in phagocytosis and contains a variety of digestive enzymes?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles oxidizes toxic substances such as alcohol?

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

During the translation phase of protein synthesis, where would you find an anticodon?

on the strand of tRNA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types

Two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.

Cell Structure

Three main parts of the cell:
- Cell Membrane: Controls entry and exit of substances.
- Cytoplasm: Contains cell organelles and is the site for metabolic processes.
- Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

Integral Proteins

Two kinds:
- Channel Proteins: Facilitate specific ions or molecules through the membrane.
- Carrier Proteins: Bind to specific substances to help transport them across the membrane.

Water Diffusion

The diffusion of water is called osmosis.

Cell Membrane Transport

Two types of transport:
- Active Transport: Requires energy; example: sodium-potassium pump.
- Passive Transport: Does not require energy; example: diffusion of glucose.

Tonicity

Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Cellular Processes

Antiporter: Transports two molecules in opposite directions.
Symporter: Transports two molecules in the same direction.
Endocytosis: Process of taking substances into the cell.
Exocytosis: Releasing substances from the cell.

Organelles and Functions

Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.
Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
Golgi Complex: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.
Mitosis involves one division; meiosis includes two divisions.
Mitosis is for growth and repair; meiosis is for gamete formation.

Cell Cycle

Comprised of phases: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
Interphase consists of G1, S (DNA replication), and G2 phases.

Genetic Terms

Haploid: Cells with one set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes).
Diploid: Cells with two sets of chromosomes (e.g., somatic cells).

Multiple Choice Key Points

Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and organelles.
Most genetic material is found in the nucleus.
Plasma membrane structure is primarily a lipid bilayer.
Carrier proteins assist in transporting molecules across the membrane.

Organelles in Phagocytosis

Lysosomes play a crucial role in digesting materials ingested by the cell.

Peroxisomes oxidize harmful substances, including alcohol.
Anticodons are found on tRNA during translation.

Cellular Transport Mechanisms

Sodium-potassium pumps exemplify primary active transport.
ATP provides energy necessary for active transport processes.

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Description

This re-test covers essential concepts related to the cell, including the two main types of cells and their major differences. Students will be tested on their understanding of cellular structures and functions. Prepare to explore the fundamental building blocks of life!