Human Anatomy: Body Systems

• The text is about human anatomy focusing on the the body's systems
• It emphasizes the importance of understanding, valuing, and caring for our bodies.

Benefits of Walking

• Walking improves posture.
• It strengthens the back.
• Walking improves blood circulation.
• It constricts abdominal muscles.
• Walking reaffirms gluteal muscles.
• It reduces cellulite.
• It tonifies muscles.
• Walking reaffirms calf muscles.

Organization of Living Organisms

• Anatomy is the study of the human body's structure.
• Living beings are distinguished by their structural organization levels
• The levels of structural organization are: cell, tissues, organs, systems, and organisms.

Cell

• The cell is the basic functional, structural, and fundamental unit of living beings.

Tissues

• Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organs

• Organs are structures performing specific functions and are formed by different tissues.

Systems

• Systems consist of a set of related organs that work together to accomplish a common function.

Organisms

• Organisms are constituted by different systems whose functions relate to form an individual.
• The human body's systems function as a whole, with differentiated and complementary functions that relate to each other, such as breathing, feeding, eliminating waste, moving, maintaining posture, sleeping, and resting.
• The need for energy keeps the organism working continuously.
• Cells convert food into energy, which is then used by the organs and liberated in each system to perform functions such as obtaining food, converting it into energy, and eliminating waste to detoxify the organism.

Human Body Constitution

• A human is a vertebrate organism formed by a set of systems.

Nervous System

• Coordinate body movements.

Respiratory System

• Incorporates oxygen from the air.

Digestive System

• Processes food to obtain energy.

Circulatory System

• Transports substances through the blood.

Excretory System

• Eliminates unnecessary substances.

Muscular System

• Gives shape to the body and allows movement.

Osseous System

• Provides support and posture.

Healthy Body, Healthy Life

• Balanced nutrition satisfies energy and vitamin demands based on sex, age, and physical activity.
• Hydration requires consuming fruits and sufficient water.
• Good personal hygiene prevents the spread of diseases by microorganisms.
• Taking care of the environment avoids exposure to pollutants.
• Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals obtained from food are fundamental for the functioning of the human organism.

Respiratory Function

• Objective: Practice breathing exercises to improve oxygenation and increase the respiratory function.

Breathing with Pursed Lips

• Inhale through the nose, hold the air for 5 seconds, and exhale, always through the nose.
• While covering the nose and pursing the mouth in a whistling position, inhale and exhale in the same manner.

Diaphragmatic Breathing

• Lie down on a flat surface.
• Place hands on the stomach.
• Take a breath and hold the air for 5 seconds.
• Finally, exhale.

Breathing Accompanied by Arm Movements

• Consist of raising the arms while inhaling.
• Lower the arms while exhaling.
• Ascent and descent movements should take the same time during inhalation and exhalation.

The Nervous System

• It is responsible for coordinating the movements of our body and is composed of cells, tissues, and organs.
• The neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system.
• Neurons are functional cells of the nervous tissue, connected and forming communication networks to transmit information through impulses to the brain.

The Parts of a Neuron

• Dendrites.
• Cell body or soma.
• Nucleus.
• Axon.
• Myelin sheath.
• Terminal buttons.
• Neurons connect with each other through the terminal buttons.
• The nerve impulse is transmitted from the dendrites, passes to the cell body, and exits through the axon until it reaches the terminal buttons where the synapse or communication process between neurons occurs.

Division of the Nervous System

• Peripheral Nervous System (SNP): Integrated by nerves, which are elastic fibers that send impulses from body to Central Nervous System (CNS).
• Central Nervous System (CNS): Controls the functions and the movements of the body via the spinal cord, the encephalon, the brain, and the cerebellum.
• Peripheral Nervous System (SNP) is integrated by 12 pairs of cranial nerves located in the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves located in the spinal medulla, protected by the vertebral column.
• These nerves are classified into: cervical, thoracic, and sacral.

Parts of the Central Nervous System

• Brain: The largest part of the encephalon and controls thoughts, imagination, and emotions of the body.
• Brainstem: Controls key functions such as breathing, heartbeats, and kidney function.
• Spinal Cord: it is located inside the vertebral column. It distributes nerves throughout the body. It conducts nerve impulses to the brain and returns the response. This section gives instruction for how to react when you are pinched by acting as the receptor, transmitter, and effector.
• Cerebellum: The center of movement coordination such as walking, running, and jumping.

Musculoskeletal System

• Responsible for generating responses from the central nervous system, carrying out the movements the body needs.
• Is also known as the locomotor system because it is responsible for locomotion, it also allows for the movement of internal organs such as the heart.
• Is made up of bones, muscles, and joints.
• Muscles are contractile tissues divided into both voluntary and involuntary.
• Voluntary controlled movements and involuntary movements which are not in control; they are distributed throughout the body.
• The muscles are attached to the bones by the tendons.

Bones of the Human Body

• Solid organs composed of osseous tissue, are resistant, and allow the correct posture of the body.
• They provide the attachment of muscles, protection to delicate organs.
• The skull protects the brain and shapes the face.
• The vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
• The ribs protect the heart, lungs, liver, and spleen.
• The pelvis protects the bladder, the intestines, and the reproductive organs.
• The components of bones are calcium, soft and elastic cartilage found in ears, nose, and trachea.
• Bones are assembled through joints
• Joints allow for flexibility and mobility

Maintaining the System

• Consume vitamin D, calcium from fish, milk, and milk products.
• Exercise daily.
• Maintain proper posture while sitting, standing, moving, running, or walking.

Cholesterol

• The liver is the organ responsible for cholesterol production.
• Cholesterol is important for producing bile acids but can be risky if high in density with LDL or low in HDL.
• Digestive enzymes break down food so the intestine and nutrients absorb fats which unite to form LDLs and HDLs; eating too much fat increases LDLs.
• Changing lifestyle habits like eating fruits, vegetables, and low-fat foods daily can help reduce high cholesterol.

Circulatory System

• Is a similar cardiovascular system that leads to one another as they transport blood to all cells of the body.
• System integrated by the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is an involuntary muscle controlled by the central nervous system that continuously allows blood to flow to the vessels.

Blood Vessels

• Hollow, tubular structures that conduct blood from the heart to the cells.
• Veins: conduct deoxygenated blood from vessels to the heart.
• Arteries: carry oxygenated blood from the heart to cells in the body.
• Capillaries: small vessels that communicate veins with arteries.
• Blood carries deoxygenated from veins to oxygenate the lungs and arteries, returning to the heart by veins.

What is Blood?

• Red body liquid composed with plasma and cellular elements: platelets, white/red cells.
• Made up of a liquid portion, located with white/red cells, blood cells circulate releasing substances that repair tissues.
• White cells defend infections/viruses.
• Red Cells: Transport and release oxygen in air ways.
• Circulation performs an important role with sending blood to the tissues.

Illnesses

• Common diseases are heart attacks, angina, thrombosis, hardening of the arteries, and hypercholesterolemia.
• Preventative measures should be taking with low-fat foods, maintaining weight, fresh vegetables, no smoking etc.

Heart Rate

• Pulse number is a certain number of minutes that one can recognize through pressure points of the neck or wrist.
• Measuring the heart rate before a run can change a cardiac frequency per age.
• After the activity and rest, measurements can result in different data, in order to be further analyzed.

Respiratory System

• The organ that carries out the function of respiration.
• This mechanism consists of incorporating oxygen obtained from the air into the cells of the organism, there it is converted into carbon dioxide, which we then expel into the atmosphere as a waste substance.
• A human being breathes approximately twenty thousand times a day, which allows us to carry out various activities that require energy.
• The process of introducing air into the lungs is called inhalation or inspiration, and the process of expelling it is called exhalation or expiration.

Structure of the Respiratory System

• Structures involved in respiration are: nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs.
• The diaphragm is the main muscle involved in breathing, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
• When inhaling, this muscle contracts, and when exhaling, it relaxes.