Human Anatomy and Physiology - Unit 1

• Unit 1 is about the human body
• Henry Miller stated that our own physical body possesses a wisdom that we who inhabit the body lack

Unit Objectives

• Define the terms "anatomy" and "physiology"
• State the terms to describe anatomical positions of the body
• Identify the positions of 5 body cavities
• List 6 major structures in each body cavity
• Briefly describe the 8 systems that constitute that human body

Professional Attributes

• Consistently communicate effectively to clients
• Maintain the confidentiality of client's records and data at all times

Body Organization

• The human body consists of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Introduction to Anatomy

• Anatomy means "cutting open"
• Anatomy is the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts

Introduction to Physiology

• Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their functions

Anatomy

• There are three types of study in Anatomy
• Surface anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Systemic anatomy

Surface Anatomy

• Surface anatomy studies the form and superficial markings of the body

Thoracic Surface Anatomy

• Thoracic surface anatomy includes features like the jugular notch, clavicle, sternal angle, and costal margin

Regional Anatomy

• Regional anatomy focuses on studying superficial and internal features specific regions such as the head, neck, or trunk

Systemic Anatomy

• Systemic anatomy studies groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner to make up organ systems
• The respiratory system is an example of systemic anatomy

Physiology

• There are 3 types of physiology
• Cell physiology
• Special physiology
• Systemic physiology

Cell Physiology

• Cell physiology is the study of the function of living cells

Typical Cell

• A typical cell has three main components
• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane
• It is the covering of the cell
• The cell membrane is selective and protective
• It controls which substances leave and enter the cell

Cytoplasm

• The cytoplasm is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Nucleus

• The nucleus is the largest structure in the cell
• It is the control center for cell operations
• The nucleus contains chromosomes with DNA

Cells

• Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
• Cells are the smallest functioning units of life
• They are produced through division of pre-existing cells

Special Physiology

• Special physiology studies physiology of specific organs
• Examples include heart function, kidney function

Systemic Physiology

• Systemic physiology considers the function of specific organ systems
• Examples include; reproductive and respiratory physiology

Anatomical Position

• In anatomical position, the Body stands upright and faces forward
• Anatomical position also includes Arms at the sides, and Palms forward
• Feet are slightly apart or together in anatomical position

Supine Position

• Supine position means laying on the back, face is up

Prone Position

• Prone position means person lays on their face, back is facing up

Terms of Location & Position

• Terms of Location & Position used to describe where is body part when referring to anotomical position

Superior

• Superior means higher

Example of Superior

• The heart is superior to the liver

Inferior

• Inferior means lower

Example of Inferior

• The liver is inferior to the lungs

Proximal

• Structures that are considered to have a beginning and an end
• Proximal means Closer to origin from the body

Example of Proximal

• The hip is proximal to the foot

Distal

• Structures that are considered to have a beginning and an end
• Distal means Further from origin from the body

Example of Distal

• The palm is distal to the elbow

Anterior

• Anterior means Front

Example of Anterior

• The chest is anterior to the backbone

Posterior

• Posterior means back

Example of Posterior

• The backbone is posterior to the abdominal cavity

Medial

• Medial means towards the midline

Example of Medial

• The heart is medial to the lungs

Lateral

• Lateral means away from the midline

Example of Lateral

• The shoulders are lateral to the neck

Body Cavities

• Body cavities are compartments that house many organs
• Body cavities are the structures that protect internal organs

Function of Body Cavities

• Body cavities allow for changes in size and shape of the organs without distorting nearby tissues

• There are 5 main body cavities

• Cranial cavity

• Spinal cavity

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

Cranial Cavity

• The cranial cavity is the space in the skull
• The brain is contained within the cranial cavity

Spinal Cavity

• The spinal cavity is the space in the spine
• The spinal cord is contained within the space in the spine
• Thoracic Cavity*
• The thoracic cavity is the space in the upper trunk
• It is separated by the diaphragm from the abdominal cavity
• The heart and the lungs are contained within the thoracic cavity

Abdominal Cavity

• The abdominal cavity is the space in the middle trunk
• The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and intestines

Pelvic Cavity

• The pelvic cavity is the space in the lower trunk
• The pelvic cavity contains urinary and reproductive organs

11 Human Body Systems

• There are 11 Human Body Systems

List of 11 Human Body Systems

• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Nervous
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Integumentary (skin)
• Endocrine
• Lymphatic
• Reproductive

Skeletal System

• This system serves to support the body
• The Skeletal System stores calcium, red and yellow marrow
• It protects organs
• The Skeletal System produces blood cells
• Facilitates movement

Muscular System

• The Muscular system Contains muscle fibres
• This system Governs movement and Maintains position
• It supports soft tissues and guards entrance and exit
• The Muscular system is how the body regulates temperature

Cardiovascular System

• Consists of heart, blood vessels and blood
• This system includes the pulmonary and systemic circuit and cardiac cycle

Respiratory System

• This System facilitates the exchange of gases for breathing
• The Respiratory system protects from dehydration and temperature changes
• It protects against pathogens and produces sounds
• This system enables sense of smell

Nervous System

• The Nervous System transmits signals between brain and the rest of body
• The System contains the Central nervous system (CNS)
• This system also contains the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Digestive System

• The Digestive system ensures the travel of food from mouth for digestion to rectum for elimination

Urinary System

• This System filters blood, removes waste and excess water
• The Urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Integumentary (skin) System

• This system Contains skin, hair, nails and glands
• The Integumentary (skin) System is involved in sensation
• It regulates temperature, facilitates waste elimination, and protection against sun
• This system enables response to temperature changes
• The Integumentary (skin) System provides production of vitamin D