Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Papillae located on the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue; contain taste buds.

Whitish papillae that provide roughness for friction on the tongue; do not contain taste buds.

Reddish, scattered papillae across the tongue that contain taste buds.

Large, V-shaped papillae located at the back of the tongue; contain taste buds.

Glands that secrete saliva to cleanse the mouth, aid taste, and begin food breakdown.

Outermost protective layer of abdominal organs, made of areolar connective tissue and mesothelium.

Another name for serosa that covers the organs in the abdominal cavity.

A fibrous connective tissue layer that binds the esophagus to surrounding tissues.

Organs that have both adventitia and serosa, facing the peritoneal cavity and dorsal body wall.

Blood supply system serving the digestive organs via branches of the abdominal aorta.

A major artery that supplies blood to the liver, spleen, and stomach.

Venous return system from the digestive viscera that goes to the liver.

The gut brain includes enteric neurons that regulate GI tract motility.

Plexus containing neurons that regulate glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa.

Nerve plexus located between muscle layers that controls GI tract motility.

Reflexes initiated by stimuli inside the GI tract, involving the ENS.

Controls initiated by hormones from the stomach and small intestine affecting digestion.

The mouth area bounded by lips, cheeks, and palate, starting digestion.

Controls food mixing, forming bolus, initiating swallowing, and taste sensation.

A condition where the lingual frenulum is short, affecting tongue movement.

Prevents excess chyme or acidity in the intestine.

Neural reflex that inhibits stomach acid secretion via duodenum.

Hormones secreted by duodenal cells that reduce gastric secretion.

Reflex that allows stomach to relax when food enters.

Smooth muscle's ability to stretch without increased tension.

Cyclic slow waves that regulate stomach contractions.

Wave-like muscle contractions that move chyme in the stomach.

Strength and frequency of stomach contractions affected by distension and gastrin.

The initial phase of gastric secretion before food reaches the stomach, triggered by sensory stimuli.

The phase where food in the stomach stimulates secretion of gastric juices for 3-4 hours; provides 2/3 of gastric juice.

Stretch receptors and chemical stimuli in the stomach that trigger gastrin secretion and HCl production.

A hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion and promotes digestive enzyme release.

ingested proteins increase pH, enhancing gastrin secretion and HCl release.

Low pH (<2) and sympathetic stimulation inhibit gastrin secretion during stress.

Phase beginning when partially digested food enters small intestine; includes brief stimulation then inhibition.

Distension and chemical compositions in the duodenum that inhibit gastric secretion.

H2CO3 that dissociates into HCO3- and H+ in solution.

An enzyme that pumps H+ ions into the lumen and K+ ions into cells.

A thick coating that buffers stomach acid and protects epithelial cells.

Connections between epithelial cells preventing leakage of gastric juice.

A secretion needed for vitamin B12 absorption essential for red blood cell maturation.

A hormone that stimulates gastric secretion of enzymes and HCl.

A nerve that stimulates gastric secretion when activated.

Partially digested food that is delivered to the small intestine.

A condition caused by a lack of intrinsic factor leading to insufficient vitamin B12.

Control of gastric juice secretion through neural and hormonal mechanisms.

The esophagus has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia.

Contains stratified squamous epithelium (SSE) that transitions to simple columnar epithelium at the stomach.

Glands in the submucosa secrete mucus for bolus movement during swallowing.

Composed of skeletal muscles in the upper part, mixed in the middle, and smooth muscle in the lower part.

The esophagus has adventitia instead of serosa, anchoring it to surrounding structures.

Swallowing process, involving the passage of food from mouth to stomach.

The involuntary stage of swallowing, controlled by the vagus nerve.

Involuntary muscle contractions that propel food through the esophagus.

Two sphincters (upper and lower) regulate food passage into the stomach.

The stomach serves as a storage tank and continues breaking down food into chyme.

Four major regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part.

Gastric pits lead to glands producing gastric juice, including HCl and enzymes.

HCl denatures proteins, activates pepsin, and kills bacteria in the stomach.

The process where the increase of bicarbonate in blood occurs post food intake.

Includes mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells.