Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz: Adaptations & Muscle Balance

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Questions and Answers

Which heart chamber gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava veins?

Right atrium

Which mechanoreceptor is sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of that tension change, causing the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress and possible injury?

Golgi tendon organ

When glucose is broken down via glycolysis, what molecule is created that could also be oxidized under aerobic conditions?

Pyruvate

Which muscles comprise the calf complex?

Gastrocnemius and soleus Signup and view all the answers

What is a most appropriate goal for Theresa, a client diagnosed with prediabetes, to reduce her risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?

Losing 5-10% of her body weight Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle would be considered overactive, leading to excessive forward trunk lean during the overhead squat assessment?

Psoas major Signup and view all the answers

What step height is used for the YMCA 3-minute step test?

12 inches Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle would be considered overactive, leading to low back arching during the overhead squat assessment?

Erector spinae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs) places Amy (a female) in the high-risk category for cardiovascular disease?

0.85 or higher Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the protocols of the ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) test?

The VT2 test involves a maximal exercise test to elicit maximum oxygen uptake. Signup and view all the answers

How is heart rate collected during the YMCA 3-minute step test?

Heart rate is collected using a heart rate monitor or by taking a radial pulse for 10-15 seconds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a body composition assessment technique that estimates body fat percentage?

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) estimates body fat percentage by measuring the resistance to the flow of electrical currents introduced into the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment provides insight into deviations from optimal alignment of the body in a standing posture?

The postural assessment provides insight into deviations from optimal alignment of the body in a standing posture. Signup and view all the answers

What three health indicators does the PAR-Q+ and preparticipation process reflect?

Medical history, physical symptoms, and lifestyle habits. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are typically overactive in association with upper crossed syndrome?

The shoulders and thoracic spine muscles are typically overactive in association with upper crossed syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

At what level of intensity should individuals with cancer begin aerobic exercise?

Low-to-moderate intensity. Signup and view all the answers

For which of the following populations is the floor bridge exercise contraindicated?

Clients with lumbar spine injuries or conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which resistance training system is most appropriate for hypertensive clients to improve aerobic capacity and muscular endurance?

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is most appropriate for hypertensive clients to improve aerobic capacity and muscular endurance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following training adaptations is considered an 'under the water' foundational adaptation, per the 'iceberg effect'?

Neural adaptations are considered an 'under the water' foundational adaptation, per the 'iceberg effect'. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

The right atrium gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava veins.
Golgi tendon organs are mechanoreceptors sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of that tension change, causing the muscle to relax, preventing excessive stress and possible injury.
When glucose is broken down via glycolysis, pyruvate is created, which can be oxidized under aerobic conditions.
The calf complex consists of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.

Fitness and Exercise

For a client with prediabetes, a goal to reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes is to increase physical activity and weight loss.
The pectoralis major muscle can be overactive, leading to excessive forward trunk lean during the overhead squat assessment.
The YMCA 3-minute step test uses a 12-inch step height.
The erector spinae muscle can be overactive, leading to low back arching during the overhead squat assessment.
A waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of 0.85 or greater for women places them in the high-risk category for cardiovascular disease.
The tensor fasciae latae and adductor magnus muscles may be overactive with knee valgus during the single-leg squat.
The abdominal skinfold location is used to measure body fat percentage.
The talk test is used to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness levels, and VT1 is reached when the client can still talk, but with considerable effort.
The ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) test uses a higher intensity than VT1 to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness levels.
Heart rate is collected during the YMCA 3-minute step test to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness level of an individual.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a body composition assessment technique that estimates body fat percentage by measuring the resistance to the flow of electrical currents introduced into the body.
The postural assessment provides insight into deviations from optimal alignment of the body in a standing posture.
The PAR-Q+ and preparticipation process reflect the three health indicators: cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory.

Training and Assessment

The floor bridge exercise is contraindicated for populations with osteoporosis.
Resistance training systems most appropriate for hypertensive clients to improve aerobic capacity and muscular endurance include aerobic-style exercises.
The "iceberg effect" refers to the training adaptations, with the foundational adaptation being the "under the water" component.
The combination of a heavy squat exercise followed by a set of squat jumps is an example of a complex training system.
When observing sprint mechanics, the fitness professional should see hip flexion and knee extension occurring in the rear leg if proper form is used.
The difference between a static gastrocnemius stretch and static soleus stretch is that the soleus stretch is performed with the knee bent.
The dead bug exercise strengthens the transverse abdominis muscle and improves core stability.
Triple flexion during sprinting consists of ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion, and hip flexion.
If forward head posture is permitted during the drawing-in maneuver, the scalene muscle may be preferentially activated, leading to poor muscle balance throughout the spine.
The single-leg balance exercise with dynamic, eccentric, and concentric movement of the balance leg through a full range of motion represents the second progression of balance training.
The back should be positioned in a neutral spine during the bird dog exercise.
VT1 is identified when using the talk test during a cardio workout by the client's ability to still talk, but with considerable effort.
The cardio training stage that utilizes work intervals performed just above VT1 and recovery intervals performed below VT1 is the aerobic endurance stage.
The joint motions of the calf raise exercise are ankle dorsiflexion and toe flexion.
The joint motions of the ball bridge exercise are hip flexion, hip extension, and lumbar extension.
The multiplanar step-up, balance, curl to overhead press exercise targets the gluteal muscles, and if the low back begins to arch, the erector spinae muscle is most likely overactive.
The exercise most appropriate for strengthening the rectus abdominis muscle is the crunch exercise.
The incline plank and Pallof press exercises target the core stabilizers, including the transverse abdominis and gluteal muscles.
The recommended training variables for dynamic stretching include 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions, 2-3 times per week.
The most appropriate progression for a core training program to optimize function is to start with isometric exercises, then progress to dynamic movements, and finally to functional exercises.
During active stretching techniques with an adult client, the fitness professional should instruct the client to perform 2-3 sets of 10-15 repetitions during the warm-up.
Attending an NASM workshop or online course is an accepted means to fulfill the CEU requirement for NASM Certified Personal Trainers.
A prospect is an individual who is considering purchasing a personal training service.
Type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers are predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force and power, such as a sprint.
The iliopsoas muscle concentrically accelerates hip flexion.
The tensor fasciae latae and adductor magnus muscles are typically overactive when the feet turn out during the overhead squat assessment.
The pro shuttle assessment is set up by having the client perform a 5-meter shuttle run, with the goal of completing the course in the shortest time possible.
During static balance training exercises, gluteal muscles should remain inactive to hold the body stable.

Plyometrics and Sprinting

The correct order of the phases of plyometric exercise is: eccentric, amortization, and concentric.
During the eccentric portion of a flat dumbbell chest press, the elbows should travel down to a 45-degree angle relative to the floor.
The Valsalva maneuver is a breathing technique used to increase intra-abdominal pressure, which helps to stabilize the spine.
Triple extension during sprinting consists of ankle plantarflexion, knee extension, and hip extension.
Proper frontside mechanics in sprinting are important because they help to generate power and speed.

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Description

Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology with these questions about heart chambers, mechanoreceptors, glucose breakdown, and muscle complexes.

Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz