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Which noninvasive technique involves listening to body sounds?
Which noninvasive technique involves listening to body sounds?
Reproduction in humans only refers to the production of a new individual.
Reproduction in humans only refers to the production of a new individual.
False
What term describes the sum of all chemical processes in the body?
What term describes the sum of all chemical processes in the body?
Metabolism
The fluid inside body cells is called __________.
The fluid inside body cells is called __________.
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Match the following life processes with their descriptions:
Match the following life processes with their descriptions:
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What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
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Percussion involves the examiner feeling body surfaces with their hands.
Percussion involves the examiner feeling body surfaces with their hands.
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What term is used to describe the change of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state?
What term is used to describe the change of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state?
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What type of feedback system strengthens or reinforces changes in the body's controlled conditions?
What type of feedback system strengthens or reinforces changes in the body's controlled conditions?
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A negative feedback system causes bodily functions to become more pronounced or forceful.
A negative feedback system causes bodily functions to become more pronounced or forceful.
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What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?
What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?
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The ______ is responsible for stimulating contractions during childbirth.
The ______ is responsible for stimulating contractions during childbirth.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following best describes homeostatic imbalances?
Which of the following best describes homeostatic imbalances?
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A local disease affects multiple areas of the body.
A local disease affects multiple areas of the body.
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What is pharmacology concerned with?
What is pharmacology concerned with?
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What component is primarily involved in forming mucus and lubricating fluids?
What component is primarily involved in forming mucus and lubricating fluids?
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In a colloid, the particles are so small that they do not scatter light.
In a colloid, the particles are so small that they do not scatter light.
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What is the main difference between a solution and a suspension?
What is the main difference between a solution and a suspension?
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Acids ionize into hydrogen ions (H+) and __________.
Acids ionize into hydrogen ions (H+) and __________.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a base?
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Match each term with its correct description:
Match each term with its correct description:
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Body fluids must maintain a balance between __________ and bases.
Body fluids must maintain a balance between __________ and bases.
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Molarity is a way to express the mass of solute in a solution.
Molarity is a way to express the mass of solute in a solution.
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What is the primary function of ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
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Flagella are shorter than cilia.
Flagella are shorter than cilia.
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
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Lysosomes contain powerful ________ enzymes used for intracellular digestion.
Lysosomes contain powerful ________ enzymes used for intracellular digestion.
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Match the following cellular components with their functions:
Match the following cellular components with their functions:
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Which structure is primarily involved in detoxifying chemicals?
Which structure is primarily involved in detoxifying chemicals?
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Tay-Sachs disease is caused by faulty ribosomes.
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by faulty ribosomes.
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What is the only example of a flagellum in the human body?
What is the only example of a flagellum in the human body?
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What is the primary function of proteosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of proteosomes in a cell?
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Mitochondria can self-replicate using their own DNA.
Mitochondria can self-replicate using their own DNA.
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How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?
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Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the _____
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the _____
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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Which cellular machinery is primarily involved in synthesizing proteins?
Which cellular machinery is primarily involved in synthesizing proteins?
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Skeletal muscle fibers have only one nucleus.
Skeletal muscle fibers have only one nucleus.
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What are genes?
What are genes?
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What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
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Cytokinesis occurs before mitosis is complete.
Cytokinesis occurs before mitosis is complete.
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What happens during anaphase?
What happens during anaphase?
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During ____________, the process called synapsis occurs.
During ____________, the process called synapsis occurs.
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Which enzyme is responsible for regulating DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for regulating DNA replication?
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Match the processes to their definitions.
Match the processes to their definitions.
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Tumor-suppressor genes promote uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor-suppressor genes promote uncontrolled cell growth.
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What is a cleavage furrow?
What is a cleavage furrow?
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Study Notes
BI151 Exam I Study Guide - Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy
-
Introduction
- The chapter introduces anatomy and physiology as specific disciplines.
- The organization of the human body is covered
- Homeostasis is a major theme throughout the book.
Anatomy and Physiology Defined
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Anatomy
- Defined as the study of structure and relationships among structures.
- Subdivisions include Embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, and pathological anatomy.
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Physiology
- Deals with how body structures function.
- Structure of parts determines their function.
- Subdivisions include neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology.
Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
-
Human Body
- Consists of several levels of structural organization (Figure 1.1).
Key Concepts From Page 2
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Chemical Level
- Atoms and molecules are the smallest units of matter.
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Cellular Level
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
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Tissue Level
- Tissues are groups of similar specialized cells and surrounding substances.
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Organ Level
- Organs are composed of two or more tissue types.
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System Level
- Systems consist of related organs.
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Organismal Level
- The complete organism combines the structural and functional levels.
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Eleven Systems
- Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, the cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive (Table 1.2).
Key Concepts From Page 3
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Clinical Connection (Palpation, Auscultation, and Percussion)
- Palpation involves feeling body surfaces.
- Auscultation involves listening to body sounds.
- Percussion involves tapping on the body surface and listening to the result.
-
Basic Life Processes
- Metabolism (catabolism and anabolism).
- Responsiveness (detecting and responding to changes).
- Movement.
- Growth (increase in size and complexity).
- Differentiation (change in a cell from one state to another).
- Reproduction (cell production or formation of a new individual)
- Autopsy (postmortem examination and dissection of the body)
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Homeostasis
- A state of internal equilibrium or balance.
- Maintained by the ceaseless interplay of the body's regulatory processes.
Key Concepts From Page 4
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Body Fluids
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) is inside the cells.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) is outside the cells.
- Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) is ECF in the spaces between cells.
Key Concepts From Page 5
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Control of Homeostasis
- Homeostatic imbalances occur due to disruptions from the external or internal environments.
- Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems.
- Nerve impulses cause rapid changes.
- Hormones cause slower changes.
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General Principles of Feedback Systems
- Cycle of events in which information about a condition is continually monitored and fed back.
- Disruption to this condition is a stimulus.
- Feedback systems consist of 3 main components: Receptor, Control Center, and Effector.
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Negative Feedback Systems
- The response reverses the original stimulus.
- An example is blood pressure regulation.
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Positive Feedback Systems
- The response enhances the original stimulus.
- An example is childbirth.
Key Concepts From Page 6
-
Blood Pressure Homeostasis
- Homeostasis of Blood Pressure (BP): If a stimulus (stress) causes blood pressure (BP) (the controlled condition) to rise, pressure-sensitive cells (baroreceptors) in certain arteries send impulses to the brain (control center), and the brain sends impulses to the heart and blood vessels (effectors), causing the heart rate to decrease (response) and blood pressure to return to normal (restoration of homeostasis).
Key Concepts From Page 7
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Normal Childbirth
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Example of positive feedback system.
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Hypertension and/or Hypotension
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The opposite of homeostatic balance, due to blood pressure deviations.
Key Concepts From Page 8-9
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Anatomical Position and Reclining Positions
- A standard reference position used for describing anatomical locations.
- Prone position: face down.
- Supine position: face up (laying down on back).
- Refer to page 9 for regional names.
Key Concepts From Page 10-11
-
Directional Terms
- Used in anatomical descriptions to specify locations relative to each other.
- Use Figure 1.6 for definitions.
-
Planes and Sections
- Imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body or organs into definite areas.
- Include midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (cross-sectional), and oblique planes. (Refer to Figure 1.7).
Key Concepts From Page 12-14
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Body Cavities
- Spaces in the body that protect, separate, and support internal organs.
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Cranial Cavity
- Formed by cranial bones, houses the brain.
- Vertebral Canal
- Formed by vertebral column, houses the spinal cord.
- Thoracic Cavity
- Contains pleural and pericardial cavities + the mediastinum.
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Key Concepts From Page 15
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Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
- Describe organs' locations.
- Divided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants. (Refer to Figure 1.12).
Key Concepts From Page 16-20
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Medical Imaging Techniques
- Used to view internal body structures, including radiography, contrast x-rays, MRI, CT, ultrasound, coronary (cardiac) computed tomography angiography(CCTA), and endoscopy.
-
Basic Chemistry and Matter
- Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, gas.
- Matter is composed of chemical elements.
- Elements have abbreviations (chemical symbols).
- Atoms are fundamental units of elements.
- Atomic number is the number of protons.
- Mass number is the sum of protons + neutrons.
- Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Key Concepts From Page 21-22
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Ions, Molecules, and Compounds
- Atoms can gain or lose electrons to become charged ions.
- Ions with opposite charges attract each other to form ionic bonds.
- Molecules consist of atoms sharing electrons (covalent bonds).
- Molecules that can't bond to other particles are nonpolar.
- Atoms that do attract other particles are polar.
Key Concepts From Page 23-25
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Chemical Reactions
- Processes that involve breaking or forming chemical bonds.
- Reactants are starting materials and products are the result.
- Chemical reactions either absorb or release energy (exergonic/endergonic).
- Metabolism describes all chemical reactions in an organism.
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Different Types of Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis reactions combine substances to create a larger molecule. Ex-reaction.
- Decomposition reactions break down larger molecules to smaller molecules. Ex-reaction.
- Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
- Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve electron transfer.
Key Concepts From Page 26-31
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Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
- Water is the most important inorganic compound.
- Its polarity makes it an excellent solvent.
- Solutions are mixtures of a solvent dissolving a solute.
- Acid-base balance maintains physiological PH in the body.
- Acids release hydrogen ions.
- Bases accept hydrogen ions.
- Salts are formed when acids and bases react.
- Buffers control pH changes to reduce swings within a range.
Key Concepts From Page 32-38
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Organic Compounds
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Classified by size (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides).
- Carbohydrates' ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
- Lipids usually contain fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates.
- Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents such as water.
-
Carbohydrates
- Provide energy.
- Include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides combined.
- Polysaccharides are large chains of monosaccharides.
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Lipids
- Include fats, oils, and steroids.
- Provide energy, insulation, and structure.
- Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) are important components.
- Triglycerides are formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
- Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes.
Key Concepts From Page 39-44
-
Proteins
- Constructed from amino acids.
- Function in structure, regulation, and many other roles.
- Polypeptides are chains of amino acids.
- Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Composed of amino acids - linked together with peptide bonds
-
Nucleic Acids
- DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides.
- DNA carries genetic information.
- RNA takes genetic information to ribosomes.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a critically important molecule.
Key Concepts From Page 45-60
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Cell Structure and Function
- Cell membrane = outer boundary of cells
- Cytoplasm= inner living material
- Nucleus= Control center of the cell
- Organelles - specialized structures within the cell with specific jobs.
- Ribosomes= protein synthesis
- Golgi bodies= modifies and packages proteins
- Mitochondria = primary producers of ATP
- Lysosomes= breakdown of waste
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)= responsible for protein synthesis
- Cytoskeleton= structural and shape determining unit
-
Transport across the Plasma Membrane
- Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion) does not require energy.
- Active transport requires energy (ATP).
- Vesicular transport (endocytosis and exocytosis) involves vesicles.
Key Concepts From Page 61-68
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The Cytoskeleton, Organelles, and Cellular Extensions
- The cytoskeleton gives cells their shape and structure.
- Organelles are specialized structures with unique functions in cellular activity.
- Cilia and flagella are cellular extensions involved in movement.
- Centrosome and centrioles are involved in cell division
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Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, and Peroxisomes
- Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.
- The endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in protein and lipid synthesis.
- The Golgi complex modifies, packages, and directs proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes digest cellular waste and debris.
- Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids.
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Mitochondria
- Sites of cellular respiration and ATP production (cellular energy production).
- Mitochondria self-replicate using their DNA.
Key Concepts From Page 69-80
-
The Nucleus
- The nucleus regulates gene expression by controlling the synthesis mRNA.
- It has an outer membrane, pores, a nucleolus, and chromatin.
-
Cell Division (Mitosis, Meiosis)
- Cell division is necessary for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
- Mitosis produces identical diploid cells.
- Meiosis produces unique haploid cells.
Key Concepts From Page 81-86
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Cell Diversity and Aging
- Cells vary considerably in shape and function.
- Aging is a complex process involving many physiological changes, including cellular deterioration.
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Cancer
- Uncontrolled cell division can lead to tumors (neoplasms).
- Cancer cells have the ability to spread to other parts of the body and trigger angiogenesis..
- Treatment can involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
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Homeostatic Imbalances
- Aging is a homeostatic imbalance.
- Cancer is a homeostatic imbalance, due to loss of cell regulatory control.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in human anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers various topics including homeostasis, reproductive processes, and the body's feedback systems. Enhance your understanding of the complexities of bodily functions and their regulation.
