Human Anatomy and Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

  • To create antibodies for immune response
  • To pump blood throughout the body (correct)
  • To filter waste products from the blood
  • To process nutrients from the digestive system

During which phase does the heart fill with blood?

  • Diastole (correct)
  • Blood pressure
  • Cardiac output
  • Systole

How does deoxygenated blood travel from the heart to the lungs?

  • Through the pulmonary arteries (correct)
  • Through the aorta
  • Through the vena cava
  • Through the systemic veins

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

<p>Hemoglobin in red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the endocrine system in the body?

<p>To produce chemicals affecting various body functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to in the human body?

<p>The stable internal condition of an organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood components is involved in the immune response?

<p>White blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ovulation?

<p>Oocytes mature into ova (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms in the uterus to support a developing fetus?

<p>Placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering blood toxins?

<p>Kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

<p>To control airflow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering blood within each nephron?

<p>Bowman’s capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the retina are sensitive to color?

<p>Cone cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

<p>Fight infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the external respiration process differ from internal respiration?

<p>External respiration involves air movement into the alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue connects bones to each other?

<p>Ligaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the relationship between the circulatory system and the respiratory system?

<p>The circulatory system delivers oxygen to cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis primarily characterized by?

<p>Brittle and weak bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear contains the cochlea?

<p>Inner ear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in organs?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

<p>Process and interpret information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of waste does the skin's sweat glands excrete?

<p>Excess water and salt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is created when an ovum and sperm cell unite?

<p>Zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons primarily send impulses from the PNS to the CNS?

<p>Sensory neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye regulates the amount of light that enters?

<p>Pupil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for balance and movement?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of digestion that occurs in the large intestine?

<p>Feces formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

<p>Transmit signals across the synaptic cleft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint condition is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage?

<p>Osteoarthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an egg is not fertilized?

<p>The lining of the uterus sheds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body are sperm produced?

<p>Testes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cells that contain half of the parental DNA in reproduction?

<p>Haploid cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system handles voluntary activities?

<p>Somatic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process do sodium and potassium ions play a crucial role?

<p>Action potential propagation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the jelly-like substance within the bone that produces blood cells called?

<p>Red marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hormones in the body?

<p>To send signals to target organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for regulating appetite and temperature?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of partially digested food in the stomach called?

<p>Chyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the physical breakdown of food?

<p>Mechanical digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents food from entering the windpipe?

<p>Epiglottis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile in digestion?

<p>To emulsify fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest organ of the integumentary system?

<p>Skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin serves as the outermost barrier?

<p>Epidermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the integumentary system assist in thermoregulation?

<p>By producing sweat to cool the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein starts breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth?

<p>Amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sensory receptors in the skin?

<p>To detect environmental changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components aids in the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?

<p>Villi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is food moved through the small intestine?

<p>Via peristalsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the digestive system?

<p>To extract nutrients from food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid does the lymphatic system return to the circulatory system?

<p>Interstitial fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: Heart function

The heart pumps blood throughout the body, receiving, pushing, and oxygenating blood.

Pulmonary Circulation

Blood flow between the heart and lungs, where blood receives oxygen.

Systemic Circulation

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

Blood Components: Plasma

The liquid part of blood, containing dissolved nutrients and minerals.

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Blood Components: Red Blood Cells

Carries oxygen using hemoglobin.

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Homeostasis Definition

Internal balance maintained by the body's systems.

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Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood back to the heart.

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Endocrine System

Body system using chemicals to regulate various functions.

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Lymph nodes

Enlarged lymphatic vessels containing infection-fighting cells.

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Musculoskeletal System

Combination of the skeletal and muscular systems.

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

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Red Marrow

Bone jelly-like substance making blood cells.

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Axial Skeleton

Main body trunk (skull, vertebrae, rib cage).

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Appendicular Skeleton

Hips, arms, and legs.

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Osteoporosis

Bone disorder causing brittleness and weakness.

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Joints

Where bones meet.

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Ligaments

Connective tissues attaching bones.

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Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue cushioning joints.

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Osteoarthritis

Cartilage breakdown causing bone rubbing and pain.

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Smooth Muscles

Involuntary muscles in organs.

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Cardiac Muscles

Muscles only in the heart, pumping blood.

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Skeletal Muscles

Muscles attached to bones, enabling movement.

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Reflex Arc

Neural pathway causing reflexes (e.g., pulling away from heat).

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Ovulation

The release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary, typically every 28 days.

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Endometrium

The lining of the uterus that thickens during ovulation in preparation for potential fertilization.

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Fertilization

The joining of an ovum with a sperm cell to create a zygote, the first cell of a new organism.

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Zygote

The single cell formed by the fusion of an ovum and sperm during fertilization.

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Placenta

An organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus and remove waste products.

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Umbilical cord

A structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, containing blood vessels for nutrient delivery and waste removal.

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Respiratory System Purpose

The respiratory system's main function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide, a waste product.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

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Diaphragm

A muscle below the lungs that controls airflow by contracting to inhale and relaxing to exhale.

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

A process where the body senses an imbalance and creates a response to correct it.

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External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the air and the lungs.

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Hormones

Proteins that trigger responses in target organs.

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Glands

Organs that secrete hormones.

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Internal Respiration

The delivery of oxygen from the blood to the body's cells and the removal of carbon dioxide from cells.

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Pituitary Gland

A gland in the brain that controls other glands.

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Kidney Function

The kidneys filter toxins and waste products from the blood, creating urine.

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Hypothalamus

A brain region that controls body functions like appetite and temperature.

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Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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Urine

The filtered fluid produced by the kidneys, containing waste products and excess water.

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Digestive System

Extracts nutrients from food.

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Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food (e.g., chewing).

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Senses

Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, all requiring sensory organs that activate nerve receptors to send signals to the brain.

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Chemical Digestion

Using enzymes and chemicals to break down food molecules.

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Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

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Chyme

Partially digested food in the stomach.

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Alimentary Canal

The tube food travels through.

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Accessory Organs (digestion)

Organs aiding digestion but not part of the alimentary canal.

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Villi

Finger-like projections in the small intestine, increasing surface area for nutrient absorption.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions moving food through the digestive tract.

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Integumentary System

External body covering (skin).

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Study Notes

Human Anatomy and Physiology Overview

  • Anatomy studies body structures; physiology studies their functions.

Cardiovascular System

  • Heart: Pumps blood; blood enters atria, passes to ventricles.
  • Left Side: Receives deoxygenated blood, pumps to lungs (pulmonary arteries).
  • Right Side: Receives oxygenated blood from lungs (pulmonary veins), pumps to body (aorta).
  • Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flow to/from lungs.
  • Systemic Circulation: Blood flow to/from body.
  • Diastole: Heart relaxes, fills with blood.
  • Systole: Heart contracts, pushes blood.
  • Arteries: Carry blood away from heart. Branch into capillaries, then veins.
  • Capillaries: Smallest vessels; end of outgoing blood circuit.
  • Veins: Carry blood back to the heart.

Blood

  • Plasma: Liquid portion; contains dissolved nutrients, minerals.
  • Red Blood Cells: Contain hemoglobin; carries oxygen.
  • White Blood Cells: Part of the immune system; fight infection.
  • Platelets: Aid in blood clotting.

Endocrine System

  • Glands: Produce hormones for various functions.
  • Transportation: Depends on other systems like cardiovascular, digestive, lymphatic for hormone transport.
  • Homeostasis: Internal balance; body's main focus.
  • Negative Feedback: Body responds to imbalances to restore balance.

Hormones

  • Proteins: Trigger responses in target organs.
  • Example: Growth hormone; signals cells to grow, divide, increases cell nourishment.

Glands

  • Pituitary: (Brain) Oversees other glands' functions.
  • Hypothalamus: (Brain) Controls appetite, temperature, blood pressure.
  • Thyroid: (Throat) Regulates metabolism.
  • Adrenal: (Above kidneys) Aids in metabolism, blood pressure.
  • Pancreas: (Near stomach) Regulates blood sugar (insulin, glucagon).

Digestive System

  • Purpose: Extract nutrients for energy and building blocks.
  • Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown (chewing, churning).
  • Chemical Digestion: Enzymes break down food molecules.
  • Enzymes: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
  • Amylase: Enzyme in saliva; breaks down carbohydrates.
  • Hydrolysis: Water breaks down molecules.
  • Gastric Juice: Stomach's enzyme mixture.
  • Protease: Enzyme breaks down proteins.
  • Bile: Liver secretion; breaks down fats.
  • Chyme: Partially digested food.
  • Alimentary Canal: Pathway for food from ingestion to egestion.
  • Accessory Organs: Involved but not in the canal (e.g., liver, pancreas).
  • Mouth: Food begins; to pharynx (passage to esophagus).
  • Epiglottis: Flap preventing food from entering airway.
  • Esophagus: Tube to stomach.
  • Liver: Creates bile.
  • Gallbladder: Stores bile.
  • Pancreas: Secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar.
  • Pyloric Sphincter: Allows chyme passage to small intestine.
  • Small Intestine: Most nutrient absorption; villi increase surface area.
  • Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle movement to move food.
  • Large Intestine (Colon): Stool formation, water absorption.
  • Rectum/Anus: Waste excretion.

Integumentary System

  • Purpose: Protection, homeostasis, maintenance.
  • Skin: Largest organ; epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
  • Functions: Protection (from microorganisms, injury, UV), thermoregulation (sweat, blood vessels), sensation (pain, temperature, touch), excretion (sweat, vitamin D synthesis).
  • Hair/Nails: Protection, keratin.
  • Glands: Sweat, sebaceous; regulate temperature, hydration.
  • Sensory Receptors: Detect environment changes.

Lymphatic/Immune System

  • Works with circulatory system.
  • Interstitial Fluid: Fluid between cells; returned to circulatory system by lymphatic system.
  • Lymph Capillaries: Return interstitial fluid.
  • Lymph Nodes: Enlarged lymphatic vessels; contain infection-fighting cells.

Musculoskeletal System

  • Skeletal (Bones): Support, protection, movement.
  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
  • Red Marrow: Inside bone; creates blood cells.
  • Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebrae, rib cage.
  • Appendicular Skeleton: Hips, arms, legs.
  • Osteoporosis: Bones become brittle, weak.
  • Joints: Where bones connect.
  • Ligaments: Connect bones.
  • Cartilage: Cushions joints.
  • Osteoarthritis: Cartilage breakdown, bone rubbing.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Joint swelling, pain.
  • Muscles: Cause body movement.
  • Smooth Muscles: Internal organs (involuntary).
  • Cardiac Muscles: Heart (involuntary).
  • Skeletal Muscles: Attached to bones (voluntary); flexor/extensor muscles.
  • Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.

Nervous System

  • Purpose: Gather, interpret, respond to information.
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain, spinal cord; processing center.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Spinal nerves, cranial nerves; communication.
  • Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary, conscious action.
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary, subconscious action.
  • Reflex Arc: Neural pathway for automatic responses.
  • Neurons: Individual nerve cells.
  • Cell Body: Contains organelles (nucleus, mitochondria).
  • Dendrites: Receive impulses.
  • Axon: Sends impulses.
  • Axon Terminal: End of axon; transmits impulses across gaps (synapses).
  • Sensory Neurons: CNS to PNS
  • Interneurons: In the CNS
  • Motor Neurons: PNS to CNS
  • Synaptic Cleft: Gap between neurons.
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemicals sending signals across synapse.
  • Electrical Signals: Differences in electrical charge.
  • Sodium/Potassium: Control electrical charges in neurons.
  • Brain: Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem; processes perceptions/sensations.
  • Cerebrum: Largest, two hemispheres.
  • Cerebellum: Balance and movement.
  • Brainstem: Connects brain to spinal cord.
  • Medulla Oblongata: Brainstem portion connecting to spinal cord.

Reproductive System

  • Purpose: Creation of new organism via sexual reproduction.
  • Gametes: Cells from separate individuals.
  • Haploid: Gametes; one copy of each chromosome.
  • Diploid: Normal body cells; two copies.
  • Male: Testes produce sperm; ductus deferens carries to penis. Testosterone regulates sperm production.
  • Female: Ovaries produce ova (eggs); fallopian tubes carry to uterus.
  • Ovulation: Release of ova from ovaries.
  • Endometrium: Uterine lining; thickens for possible fertilization.
  • Fertilization: Ovum joined with sperm. Forms zygote.
  • Zygote: New cell after fertilization; divides and develops into a fetus.
  • Fetus: Developing baby (8 weeks +).
  • Placenta: Nourishes and oxygenates fetus.
  • Umbilical Cord: Connects fetus to placenta.

Respiratory System

  • Purpose: Obtain oxygen, expel carbon dioxide.
  • Works with cardiovascular system.
  • Airflow: Mouth/nose to trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (air sacs).
  • Diaphragm: Muscle controlling airflow.
  • External Respiration: Air in and out of lungs.
  • Internal Respiration: Oxygen transported to cells.

Excretory System

  • Purpose: Eliminate waste products.
  • Kidneys: Main organs; filter blood.
  • Nephrons: Filtering structures in kidneys.
  • Glomerulus: Capillary that delivers to nephron.
  • Bowman’s Capsule: Kidney tissue that filters.
  • Urine: Filtered fluid.
  • Ureters: Urine from kidneys to bladder.
  • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine.
  • Urethra: Urine excretion.
  • Sweat Glands: Skin excretes water, salts, waste.
  • Liver: Bile removes waste, aids digestion.
  • Lungs: Excrete carbon dioxide.
  • Large Intestine: Forms feces.

Senses

  • Purpose: Gather information about the environment.
  • Sensory Organs: Activate nerve receptors.
  • Sight: Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina (rods/cones), optic nerve.
  • Hearing: Auricle, ear canal, tympanic membrane, middle ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes), cochlea, vestibular system, cochlear nerve.

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Explore the fundamentals of human anatomy and physiology in this quiz. Understand the cardiovascular system, including the heart's functions, blood circulation, and the components of blood. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together to maintain health.

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