Human Anatomy and Physiology: HAP1 Introduction

• Lecture 1 introduces the fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology (HAP1)

Course Coordinators

• The HAP1 Coordinator for 2025 is Garry Niedermayer at [email protected]
• The office is located in Building 21, Level 1, Room 5
• Student consultation times can be arranged via email
• Online communication needs to be via WSU student email
• The HAP1 Co-Coordinators for 2025 include Dr Zein Amro and Dr Joan Nguyen

HAP1 Content Overview

• The course provides an introduction to anatomy, physiology, and histology
• The course also covers the chemical organization of the body
• An in depth study into the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems is included

Importance of HAP1

• HAP1 is helpful for careers as a:
• Exercise Physiologist
• Paramedic
• Physiotherapist
• Research Scientist
• Podiatrist
• Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner
• Occupational Therapist and more

Course Delivery

• Course material is delivered through lectures, practicals/workshops, and assessments

Course Expectations

• HAP1 involves 10 credits, which equals 10 hours per week
• Plan to attend a 2 hour lecture and a 2 hour practical or workshop weekly
• Studying independently or in groups requires approximately 6 additional hours weekly
• This includes recorded lectures, using OPAL and PHIZ quizzes, lecture notes, completing short answer questions for practicals, completing assessments, and watching videos

PASS - Peer Assisted Study Sessions

• Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) is available

Practicals

• Practicals are 2 hour classes with activities based on cadaveric material and pictures
• Worksheets based on lectures
• Located in an anatomy lab
• This requires a lab coat and closed-toe shoes
• Academics act as supervisors and demonstrators
• The goal is to enhance and reinforce lecture material
• Doors will be reopened 10 minutes past the hour
• Laboratory coats and closed-toe shoes must be worn
• No food or drinks are allowed
• Phones and laptops are banned

Assessment

• Online Practical Anatomy Labs (OPAL) use fill-in-the-answer questions with an emphasis on spelling
• Physiology Quizzes (PHIZ) include multiple-choice and true/false questions in same format as final exam questions

Course Schedule

• Week 1 introduces HAP1 and Anatomy/Physiology
• Week 2 covers chemical and cellular organization of the human body
• Week 3 dives into the Integumentary System, Tissues, & Histology, along with Workshop 1
• Week 4 focuses on the Skeletal System 1, with Lab 1 (Dry lab), and includes Online Quizzes x 2 (5% each)
• Week 5 looks at the Skeletal System 2
• Week 6 covers the Muscular system 1
• Week 7 explores the Muscular system 2, with Lab 2: Musculoskeletal System (Wet lab @ CTOWN)
• Week 8 will include Spot test 1.
• Week 9 covers the nervous system 1.
• Week 10 looks at the nervous system 2, Workshop 2.
• Week 11 dives into the Special Senses.
• Week 12 covers the Endocrine System, Lab 3 (Dry lab) and Online Quizzes x 2 (5% each)
• Week 13 reviews HAP1, and introduces Lab 4: Neuro, Special senses and Endocrine (Wet lab @ CTOWN)
• Week 14 includes Lecture X: QandA, plus Spot test 2 (Computer)
• Week 16 consists of an Online MCQ during the allocated final exam time slot

Assessment Breakdown

• Online Quizzes x 2 (5% each) are worth 10%
• Due on 28/3/25 and 23/5/25
• Assesses SLOs 1, 2, 3, 4
• Not mandatory
• There is no threshold
• Spot test 1 is worth 25%
• Due Week 9
• Assesses SLOs 1, 2, 3, 4
• Not mandatory
• There is no threshold
• Spot test 2 (Computer) is worth 25%
• Due Week 14
• Assesses SLOs 1, 2, 3, 4
• Not mandatory
• There is no threshold
• Online MCQ in the allocated final exam time slot is worth 40%
• Due during final exam period (16/06/25 - 27/06/25)
• Assesses SLOs 1, 2, 3, 4
• Not mandatory
• There is no threshold

Required Reading

• Recommended reading requires Human Anatomy & Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn
• In addition to Human Anatomy & Physiology by Eric C. Amerman
• Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley, and Anne M.R. Agur

Garry Niedermayer Bio

• B.Med.Sci, Honours, PhD, Lecturer

Overview of Content

• HAP1 includes an introduction to anatomy and physiology
• Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology references Amerman Chapter 1

Tasks to Complete This Week

• Watch intro videos (vUWS home page)
• Optionally read Chapter 1 of the text book
• In addition to Opal 1 (vUWS) and Phizz 1 (vUWS)
• Order a lab coat

Key Objectives

• Define specialities of anatomy & physiology
• Describe levels of organisation of the human body
• Learn the language of anatomy and physiology
• Name the body cavities
• Explain the term homeostasis and why it is important for the human body (negative & positive feedback)

Defining Anatomy and Physiology

• Science uses observation and experimentation
• Advances in understanding of human body, function, form
• Human anatomy studies the structure/form of human body
• Human physiology studies the body's functions

Characteristics of Living Organisms

• Living organisms share distinct properties
• Cellular composition: cells are basic units of life
• The smallest unit with functions of life
• All organisms are composed of cells
• Chemicals are substances with unique composition
• Metabolism: living organisms carry out chemical reactions/metabolism to build up or break down needed substances
• Growth is building outweighs breakdown
• Include increase in size of individual cells and number of cells

Other Defining Characteristics

• Excretion: eliminates potentially harmful waste from metabolic processes
• Responsiveness or irritability: organisms sense/react to changes to environment
• Movement: entire organism, movement of individual cells, or materials within/between cells
• Reproduction: following two forms in multicellular organism:
• Individual cells reproduce within organism and to replace damaged/old cells
• Organism itself reproduces to yield similar offspring

Levels of Structural Organization

• The body is constructed from successively larger building blocks
• Chemical level: smallest level; ranges from tiny atoms to complex molecules; which compose two to thousands atoms
• Cellular level: groups of molecules combined to form cellular structures
• Tissue level: two or more cell types cooperate to perform a common function for cells and surrounding extracellular matrix
• This varies from membrane sheets to irregularly shaped cartilage
• Organ level: two or more tissue types combine to form an organ with specialized task
• Organ system level: organs grouped into organ systems (11 in human body) with broad function
• Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels; transports blood
• Digestive system: ingests food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates wastes
• Organism level: organ systems function together to make up working human body

Body Systems

• Two types of systems that are covered in HAP1:
• Integumentary System
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Nervous System
• Endocrine System
• Systems covered in HAP2:
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Lymphatic System
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Male/Female Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology Study Types

• The human body study can be approached in two ways:
• Systemic anatomy: the body is examined primarily by individual organ systems
• Regional anatomy: divides body into regions of study such as the head and neck

Anatomy Types

• Surface anatomy: studies surface markings of body
• Gross anatomy: examines structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
• Microscopic anatomy- only seen with aid of microscope
• Histology: studies tissues
• Cytology: studies cells

Physiology Subfields

• Classifications are studied by organ or organ system
• E.g. neurophysiology studies brain and nerves, cardiovascular studies heart/vessels
• Physiologists can specialize in levels of organization other than systemic to study specific tissues or organs

Anatomy and Physiology Language

• Language of science/A&P is built on word roots to form words with meanings
• Word roots are combined with prefixes and suffixes to yield scientific terms
  • E.g. Neurology (Root=neuro, Suffix=ology), Pericardium (Prefix= Peri, Root=cardium) and Cardiomyopathy (Prefix=Cardi, Root=myo, Suffix=pathy)

Anatomical Position

• Anatomical position is a common frame of reference
• The body should be standing upright
• Feet should be shoulder width apart
• Upper limbs at sides of trunk and head
• Palms facing forward
• Always reference body as if in anatomical position
• "Right" and "left" refers to right and left sides of body, not own

Other Positional Terms

• Supine = facing upwards, Prone = facing downwards
• Supra=above, Epi = above/upper
• Infra=below, Sub= below/lower
• Endo = inside, Intra=inside,
• Extra = outside, Inter = in between
• Peri = around/surrounding, Para = around/surrounding

Directional Terms

• Provide means of accurate communication for relative location of body parts/markings
• Anterior (ventral): toward the front (ex palms
• Posterior (dorsal) toward the back (ex occipital bone)
• Superior (cranial): toward the head (ex nose)
• Inferior (caudal): toward the tail (ex nose)
• Proximal: close to the point of origin (ex knee)
• Distal: farther away from origin (ex foot)
• Medial: towards the midline (ex ear)
• Lateral : away from the midline (ex shoulder)
• Superficial: closer to surface (ex skin)
• Deep: farther below the surface (ex bone)
• Body is split into axial/appendicular regions

Regional Terms

• Regional divides body into regions
• Includes Cephalic, Cervical, Thoracic, Brachium
• Region includes Antebrachium, Carpus, Manus, and Crus
• Also includes Sura, Tarsus, Pes, Planta, Abdomen, and Pubis
• Regions include Inguen, Femus, and Coxa

Planes of Section

• Planes provide a means of studying body region form and function
• 3 types are sagittal, frontal, and transverse
• Sagittal plane: divides body/body part into right and left sections
• Midsagittal: divides equal
• Parasagittal: divides unequal
• Frontal(coronal) plane divides body/body part into anterior/posterior sections
• Transverse(horizontal) plane divides body/body part into superior/inferior; proximal/distal(appendicular structures)
• Oblique less standardized so are taken at an angle

The Organization of

• Body Cavities
• Body cavities are fluid-filled spaces within body/axial regions of body
• Cavities protect internal organs, allow them to move/expand
• Major are dorsal and ventral
• Bodies are often largely located on the posterior

Dorsal and Ventral Subdivisions

• Dorsal includes Cranial cavity and Vertebral (spinal) cavity
  • The cranial cavity is within skull; and protects brain
  • The Vertebral (spinal) cavity is within vertebral column; protects spinal cord
  • They are lined and filled with protective layers called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively
• Ventral body cavity is divided into 2 divisions by the diaphragm
• Thoracic is above and the Abdominopelvic is below
• There are serous membranes termed parietal and viceral

Divisions of the Ventral Body Cavity

• The Thoracic cavity has three smaller cavities:
• Pleural cavities: each surround either left or right lung
• Mediastinum: between pleural cavities; houses heart, great vessels, trachea(windpipe), and esophagus
• Pericardial cavity: within mediastinum; within serous membrane that surrounds heart
• The Abdominopelvic cavity has 2 cavities:
• Abdominal cavity: (spans from diaphragm to bony pelvis)
• Pelvic cavity: (area within bony pelvis)
  • Contains organs (digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, urinary)
• Peritoneal cavity: abdominal subcavity within serous membrane
• Quadrants
• imaginary lines at umbilicus

The Abdominopelvic cavity can be divided up into 4 key quadrants:

• Right upper quadrant
• Right lower quadrant
• Left upper quadrant
• Left lower quadrant
• Hypochondriac segments can also be used

Serous Membranes

• They are thin sheets of tissue and form cavities found in ventral; surround heart, lungs, and abdominal
• Appear to be two membranes, but are actually a continuous layer, double-layered
• Serous fluid lies between membranes for lubrication
• Visceral layer is in contact with the organ
• Parietal layer is the outermost layer attaches to surrounding structures
• 3 are: Pleural (covering thorax), Pericardial (covering heart), Peritoneal (abdominopelvic)

Staying Aligned

• There are certain physiologic processes for maintaining a body's internal state
• If homeostatic imbalances occur it can result in death or disease
• Body's internal environment operates many coordinated processes to regulate such chemical compositions

Core Principals

• Core principles are needed to maintain homeostasis to facilitate:
• Feedback loops
• Structure functions
• Gradients
• Cell communication

Two Feedback Loops

• Positive and negative feedback loops are mechanism to maintain homeostasis
• Stimulus is increased by initial stimulus
• Negative feedback loops, are more more frequently the change that can "reset normal"
• Each established value has a set point in regulated values.
• Sensors send a stimulus to a control center, determine if variable is outside of set point, then signals can go to organ
• Sends signals to called effectors(organs) to reach a normal range
• Loops, feedback loops, end when variable has returned to normal