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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following ions is necessary for muscle contraction?
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
What is the final product of glycolysis?
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Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP?
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What direction is indicated by the term 'lateral'?
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What is the term for the study of the structure and function of cells?
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What is the term for a decrease in the number of cells or a decrease in their function?
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What is the term for the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
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What is the term for a condition where the body loses more water than it takes in?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System post quiz ch 4-5
- two divisions of the skeletal system: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, which work together to provide support and protection for the body.
- There are five main classes of bones in the human body, classified based on their shape: long bones (e.g., femur, humerus), short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals), flat bones (e.g., sternum, ribs), irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, bones of the face), and sesamoid bones (e.g., patella, pisiform).:
- List 3 cells of bone: Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are the three primary cells responsible for bone development and maintenance.
- Cartilage cell: chondrocyte, a type of cell responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix, which is composed of collagen and proteoglycans.
- Three classes of joints:
- Synovial joints: These are the most common type of joint and are characterized by a space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid. Synovial joints are freely movable, allowing for a wide range of motion. Examples include the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joints.
- Cartilaginous joints: These joints are connected by cartilage and allow for limited movement. Examples include the joints between the vertebrae in the spine and the joint that connects the ribs to the sternum.
- Fibrous joints: These joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue and do not allow for movement. Examples include the joints between the bones of the skull and the joint that connects the teeth to the jawbone.
- Two types of ossification: Intramembranous and Endochondral.
- Intramembranous ossification: This type of ossification occurs in the development of flat bones, such as those found in the skull, and involves the formation of bone tissue directly from the mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue).
- Endochondral ossification: This type of ossification occurs in the development of long bones, such as those found in the limbs, and involves the replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue.
- Functions of the skeletal system:
- Support: The skeletal system provides a framework that supports the body's muscles, organs, and tissues, allowing for movement and maintenance of posture.
- Protection: The skeletal system protects internal organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, by encasing them in a protective cage of bone.
- Movement: The skeletal system, in conjunction with the muscular system, enables movement of the body through the contraction and relaxation of muscles attached to bones.
- Blood cell production: The bones in the skeletal system, particularly the bones in the bone marrow, are responsible for producing blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Mineral storage: The skeletal system acts as a storage site for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for many bodily functions.
- Endocrine functions: The skeletal system, particularly the bones, produces hormones such as osteocalcin, which helps regulate bone metabolism and glucose levels.
Muscular System
- Myofilaments of a sarcomere:
- Thick filaments (myosin)
- Thin filaments (actin and tropomyosin)
- Ions and minerals necessary for muscle contraction:
- Calcium
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Neurotransmitter released in a neuromuscular junction:
- Acetylcholine
- Anaerobic Metabolism:
- Glycolysis: converts glucose into pyruvate
- Takes place in: cytoplasm
- Often starts with: glucose
- Final product: pyruvate
- Produces: 2 ATP
- Aerobic Metabolism:
- Definition: uses oxygen to produce ATP
- Metabolic pathways:
- Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
- Electron transport chain
- Takes place in: mitochondria
- Citric acid cycle produces less ATP than electron transport chain
Anatomical Directions
- Anterior refers to the front of the body
- Posterior refers to the back of the body
- Medial refers to a location near the midline of the body
- Lateral refers to a location away from the midline of the body
- Superior refers to a location above or higher than another structure
- Inferior refers to a location below or lower than another structure
- Superficial refers to a location near the surface of the body
- Deep refers to a location far from the surface of the body
- Proximal refers to a location near the point of attachment or origin
- Distal refers to a location far from the point of attachment or origin
Chemistry and Biology
- Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
- An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element
- A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle
- A neutron is a subatomic particle with no charge
- An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle
- Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom
- Atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
- Isotope is a version of an element with a different number of neutrons
- Dissociate means to separate or break apart
- Organelle is a specialized structure within a cell
Body Fluids
- Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside of cells
- Intracellular fluid is the fluid inside of cells
- Interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells
Cellular Transport
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes
- Hyper- means excessive, more than normal
- Hypo- means under, beneath, or deficient
- Epi- means upon, in addition to
- Hydro- means water
- Auto- means self
- Crani- means skull
- Chondr- means cartilage
- Hem- means blood
- Arthr- means joint
- –osis means any condition or state
- –ology means study of
- –algia means pain or painful condition
- –penia means decrease
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of human anatomy and physiology, including the skeletal and muscular systems.
