Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the result of RTK activation on IRS docking protein?
What is the result of RTK activation on IRS docking protein?
- It activates MAPK directly.
- It inhibits PDK1 recruitment.
- It recruits PI3K to the plasma membrane. (correct)
- It increases PIP2 levels.
What is produced when PI3K phosphorylates PIP2?
What is produced when PI3K phosphorylates PIP2?
- DAG
- IP3
- PIP1
- PIP3 (correct)
Which of the following pathways is NOT triggered by activated RTKs?
Which of the following pathways is NOT triggered by activated RTKs?
- Ras → MAPK
- NFKB → AP-1 (correct)
- PIP3 → AKT
- PLCγ → IP3/DAG
Which protein is directly phosphorylated by Akt on Thr308 and Ser473?
Which protein is directly phosphorylated by Akt on Thr308 and Ser473?
What type of growth factors can act as ligands for RTKs?
What type of growth factors can act as ligands for RTKs?
What hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low glucose levels?
What hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low glucose levels?
Which receptor type does glucagon activate for its effects in the liver?
Which receptor type does glucagon activate for its effects in the liver?
What is the primary action of insulin on glucose levels?
What is the primary action of insulin on glucose levels?
What triggers the release of glucagon?
What triggers the release of glucagon?
What is the primary role of second messengers in cellular signaling?
What is the primary role of second messengers in cellular signaling?
Which hormone is released from the adrenal gland during the fight or flight response?
Which hormone is released from the adrenal gland during the fight or flight response?
Which receptor type is known for its role in immune responses and generating diversity?
Which receptor type is known for its role in immune responses and generating diversity?
Which signaling pathway is associated with insulin action?
Which signaling pathway is associated with insulin action?
In the context of glucagon, which process is stimulated in the liver?
In the context of glucagon, which process is stimulated in the liver?
What is a defining characteristic of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What is a defining characteristic of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Which common ligand is associated with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which common ligand is associated with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What is one of the signaling pathways triggered by insulin?
What is one of the signaling pathways triggered by insulin?
What effect does epinephrine have on glycogen in the liver?
What effect does epinephrine have on glycogen in the liver?
What occurs during the ligand-mediated dimerization of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What occurs during the ligand-mediated dimerization of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What is the role of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in insulin signaling?
What is the role of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in insulin signaling?
HER2 is a type of which receptor that promotes the growth of cancer cells?
HER2 is a type of which receptor that promotes the growth of cancer cells?
What is the result of receptor-mediated dimerization in signaling pathways?
What is the result of receptor-mediated dimerization in signaling pathways?
Which signaling pathway does vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) primarily activate?
Which signaling pathway does vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) primarily activate?
What physiological effect do receptor protein-tyrosine kinases notably influence?
What physiological effect do receptor protein-tyrosine kinases notably influence?
What is the process called when RTKs add phosphate groups to their own tyrosine residues?
What is the process called when RTKs add phosphate groups to their own tyrosine residues?
What role do inactive relay proteins play in RTK signaling?
What role do inactive relay proteins play in RTK signaling?
What can result from a cell's failure to stop responding to growth factor signals?
What can result from a cell's failure to stop responding to growth factor signals?
What process is required to terminate signaling in RTKs?
What process is required to terminate signaling in RTKs?
What role does the CBL protein play in RTK signaling?
What role does the CBL protein play in RTK signaling?
Which type of relay protein functions as a linker in a signaling complex?
Which type of relay protein functions as a linker in a signaling complex?
How do docking proteins function in RTK signaling?
How do docking proteins function in RTK signaling?
What type of proteins translocate to the nucleus when activated by RTKs?
What type of proteins translocate to the nucleus when activated by RTKs?
Which of the following is not a type of relay protein mentioned in RTK signaling?
Which of the following is not a type of relay protein mentioned in RTK signaling?
What must happen to RTKs after they have transmitted a signal?
What must happen to RTKs after they have transmitted a signal?
Which type of receptor is characterized by its ability to transfer phosphate groups to tyrosine residues?
Which type of receptor is characterized by its ability to transfer phosphate groups to tyrosine residues?
Which second messenger is produced when the ligand binds to a G-protein coupled receptor and activates adenylyl cyclase?
Which second messenger is produced when the ligand binds to a G-protein coupled receptor and activates adenylyl cyclase?
What is the primary function of Protein Kinase A (PKA)?
What is the primary function of Protein Kinase A (PKA)?
Which of the following ligands would activate phospholipase C-beta when binding to a G-protein coupled receptor?
Which of the following ligands would activate phospholipase C-beta when binding to a G-protein coupled receptor?
What is the effect of the G-protein alpha subunit Gs when activated?
What is the effect of the G-protein alpha subunit Gs when activated?
Which pathway is initiated by GPCRs that leads to the production of cGMP?
Which pathway is initiated by GPCRs that leads to the production of cGMP?
The activation of which enzyme causes membrane hyperpolarization by closing cation channels?
The activation of which enzyme causes membrane hyperpolarization by closing cation channels?
What is the primary function of second messengers in cellular signaling?
What is the primary function of second messengers in cellular signaling?
Which of the following is a characteristic of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What is one of the first steps during ligand-mediated dimerization of RTKs?
What is one of the first steps during ligand-mediated dimerization of RTKs?
Which of these ligands is commonly associated with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which of these ligands is commonly associated with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which role do G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in cell signaling?
Which role do G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play in cell signaling?
What is a potential consequence of the uncontrolled signaling from activated RTKs in cells?
What is a potential consequence of the uncontrolled signaling from activated RTKs in cells?
What process is initiated when a ligand binds to a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (RTK)?
What process is initiated when a ligand binds to a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (RTK)?
What is the result of RTK trans-autophosphorylation?
What is the result of RTK trans-autophosphorylation?
What is the function of relay proteins in the context of RTK signaling?
What is the function of relay proteins in the context of RTK signaling?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in ending the response of RTKs?
Which mechanism is NOT involved in ending the response of RTKs?
Which type of relay protein can translocate to the nucleus upon activation?
Which type of relay protein can translocate to the nucleus upon activation?
What is required for a cell to effectively terminate signaling through RTKs?
What is required for a cell to effectively terminate signaling through RTKs?
Which of the following best describes the role of CBL protein in RTK signaling?
Which of the following best describes the role of CBL protein in RTK signaling?
What is a characteristic of adaptor proteins in RTK signaling?
What is a characteristic of adaptor proteins in RTK signaling?
What can lead to uncontrolled cell division or cancer in relation to RTKs?
What can lead to uncontrolled cell division or cancer in relation to RTKs?
Which type of relay protein functions as a docking station for multiple signaling proteins?
Which type of relay protein functions as a docking station for multiple signaling proteins?
What is the role of PI3K within the signaling pathway involving receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What is the role of PI3K within the signaling pathway involving receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Which phosphorylation events are key in the activation of Akt in the signaling pathway?
Which phosphorylation events are key in the activation of Akt in the signaling pathway?
What is one of the major signaling pathways triggered by the activation of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What is one of the major signaling pathways triggered by the activation of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
During the activation of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs), what is the initial event that leads to downstream signaling?
During the activation of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs), what is the initial event that leads to downstream signaling?
Which of these ligands is commonly known to activate receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Which of these ligands is commonly known to activate receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What effect does glucagon have in the liver?
What effect does glucagon have in the liver?
Which receptor type is activated by epinephrine in response to stress?
Which receptor type is activated by epinephrine in response to stress?
Insulin primarily promotes which of the following processes?
Insulin primarily promotes which of the following processes?
What is the primary action of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) when activated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What is the primary action of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) when activated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Which major signaling pathway is NOT triggered by insulin?
Which major signaling pathway is NOT triggered by insulin?
What physiological change occurs when glucagon is released from the pancreas?
What physiological change occurs when glucagon is released from the pancreas?
Which pathway is initiated by the activation of the Ras protein in RTK signaling?
Which pathway is initiated by the activation of the Ras protein in RTK signaling?
Which of the following is a common action of cAMP in cellular signaling?
Which of the following is a common action of cAMP in cellular signaling?
Which of the following statements about PIP3 and IP3 is true?
Which of the following statements about PIP3 and IP3 is true?
Which broad category does Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation fall under in RTK signaling?
Which broad category does Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation fall under in RTK signaling?
How does insulin exhibit its effects within cells?
How does insulin exhibit its effects within cells?
What triggers the release of insulin from the pancreas?
What triggers the release of insulin from the pancreas?
Which of the following ligands is specifically associated with triggering RTK signaling?
Which of the following ligands is specifically associated with triggering RTK signaling?
Which second messenger is involved in the signaling pathway of insulin via RTKs?
Which second messenger is involved in the signaling pathway of insulin via RTKs?
What distinguishes GPCR signaling from RTK signaling in the context of IP3 and DAG production?
What distinguishes GPCR signaling from RTK signaling in the context of IP3 and DAG production?
What is a primary function of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What is a primary function of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
How does phospholipase C-α (PLC-α) differ from phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) in G-protein coupled receptor signaling?
How does phospholipase C-α (PLC-α) differ from phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) in G-protein coupled receptor signaling?
What is the role of the SH2 domain in phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) in RTK signaling?
What is the role of the SH2 domain in phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) in RTK signaling?
Which component is released by both GPCRs and RTKs for intracellular signaling?
Which component is released by both GPCRs and RTKs for intracellular signaling?
What is the relationship between receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and growth factors?
What is the relationship between receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and growth factors?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
What is the primary role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in cellular signaling?
What is the primary role of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in cellular signaling?
What is a common mechanism that occurs after receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are activated?
What is a common mechanism that occurs after receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are activated?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of GPCR activation?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of GPCR activation?
What initiates the signaling process of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
What initiates the signaling process of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Which of the following best explains the specific action of epinephrine in cellular pathways?
Which of the following best explains the specific action of epinephrine in cellular pathways?
Which type of signaling is primarily facilitated by specialized receptors, such as B-and T-cell receptors?
Which type of signaling is primarily facilitated by specialized receptors, such as B-and T-cell receptors?
Which component is directly responsible for the phosphorylation of MEK in the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade?
Which component is directly responsible for the phosphorylation of MEK in the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade?
What is the primary function of ERK in the MAPK signaling pathway?
What is the primary function of ERK in the MAPK signaling pathway?
Which of the following correctly describes MAPKKK in the signaling cascade?
Which of the following correctly describes MAPKKK in the signaling cascade?
In the context of the RAS-MAPK pathway, what role does GDP play?
In the context of the RAS-MAPK pathway, what role does GDP play?
Which of the following statements about the MAPK pathways is true?
Which of the following statements about the MAPK pathways is true?
What is the primary role of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in cell signaling?
What is the primary role of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in cell signaling?
Which statement accurately describes a feature of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
Which statement accurately describes a feature of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
What type of ligand binding leads to receptor dimerization in receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What type of ligand binding leads to receptor dimerization in receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which of the following ligands is least likely to interact with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which of the following ligands is least likely to interact with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What is a significant effect of the HER2 receptor's activation in breast cancer?
What is a significant effect of the HER2 receptor's activation in breast cancer?
What common pathway is initiated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases upon ligand binding?
What common pathway is initiated by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases upon ligand binding?
Which component is crucial for the transactivation of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which component is crucial for the transactivation of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What is a consequence of the activation of tyrosine kinase activity in RTKs?
What is a consequence of the activation of tyrosine kinase activity in RTKs?
Which type of receptor is specifically implicated in generating diversity in immune responses?
Which type of receptor is specifically implicated in generating diversity in immune responses?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) when activated by RTKs?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) when activated by RTKs?
Which pathway is initiated by activated RTKs that leads to cellular responses?
Which pathway is initiated by activated RTKs that leads to cellular responses?
What is the primary role of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) after its production by PLC-γ?
What is the primary role of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) after its production by PLC-γ?
How does the activation of PLC-β by GPCRs differ from the activation of PLC-γ by RTKs?
How does the activation of PLC-β by GPCRs differ from the activation of PLC-γ by RTKs?
What distinguishes PIP3 from IP3 in terms of their formation?
What distinguishes PIP3 from IP3 in terms of their formation?
Which second messenger pathway is shared by both GPCRs and RTKs?
Which second messenger pathway is shared by both GPCRs and RTKs?
What effect does DAG have in the cell after being produced by PLC-γ?
What effect does DAG have in the cell after being produced by PLC-γ?
Which of the following ligands is NOT typically associated with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which of the following ligands is NOT typically associated with receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
Which statement best encapsulates the relationship between RTKs and their downstream effects?
Which statement best encapsulates the relationship between RTKs and their downstream effects?
What is the primary consequence of excessive signaling through receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What is the primary consequence of excessive signaling through receptor protein-tyrosine kinases?
What effect does glucagon have on liver glycogen?
What effect does glucagon have on liver glycogen?
Which signaling pathway is primarily triggered by insulin?
Which signaling pathway is primarily triggered by insulin?
What is the primary action of epinephrine in the liver?
What is the primary action of epinephrine in the liver?
Which hormone enhances glucose uptake and storage in the liver?
Which hormone enhances glucose uptake and storage in the liver?
What role does IRS1 play in insulin signaling?
What role does IRS1 play in insulin signaling?
What type of receptor does glucagon bind to in the liver?
What type of receptor does glucagon bind to in the liver?
Which of the following is NOT a pathway triggered by insulin signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a pathway triggered by insulin signaling?
What triggers the release of insulin?
What triggers the release of insulin?
Which component is involved in the second messenger system associated with insulin signaling?
Which component is involved in the second messenger system associated with insulin signaling?
During the fight or flight response, which hormone is primarily released to mobilize energy?
During the fight or flight response, which hormone is primarily released to mobilize energy?
Flashcards
Receptor types
Receptor types
Different types of cell surface receptors that receive and transmit signals.
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Cell surface receptors that use G-proteins to transduce signals.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Cell surface receptors that phosphorylate tyrosine residues upon ligand binding, initiating downstream signaling cascades.
Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction
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Ligand-gated channels
Ligand-gated channels
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Steroid hormone receptors
Steroid hormone receptors
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cAMP
cAMP
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Second Messengers
Second Messengers
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Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
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Ligand-mediated Dimerization
Ligand-mediated Dimerization
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Receptor-mediated Dimerization
Receptor-mediated Dimerization
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Transmembrane Receptors
Transmembrane Receptors
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Ligand
Ligand
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Intracellular domain
Intracellular domain
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Protein Kinase Activity
Protein Kinase Activity
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RTK Autophosphorylation
RTK Autophosphorylation
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Trans-autophosphorylation
Trans-autophosphorylation
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Relay Proteins
Relay Proteins
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SH2 Domains
SH2 Domains
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PTB Domains
PTB Domains
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Ending RTK Signaling
Ending RTK Signaling
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Ubiquitination of RTKs
Ubiquitination of RTKs
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
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Lysosome Degradation of RTKs
Lysosome Degradation of RTKs
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Adaptor Proteins in RTK Signaling
Adaptor Proteins in RTK Signaling
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RTK Activation
RTK Activation
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RTK's Tyrosine Kinase Activity
RTK's Tyrosine Kinase Activity
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PI3K Pathway
PI3K Pathway
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Akt Activation
Akt Activation
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Ras Pathway
Ras Pathway
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Glucagon's Role
Glucagon's Role
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Epinephrine's Action
Epinephrine's Action
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Insulin's Function
Insulin's Function
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GPCR Signaling
GPCR Signaling
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RTK Signaling
RTK Signaling
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Insulin/IRS1 Signaling
Insulin/IRS1 Signaling
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PLCγ Pathway
PLCγ Pathway
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PIP3 → AKT Pathway
PIP3 → AKT Pathway
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Insulin's Role in Glucose Regulation
Insulin's Role in Glucose Regulation
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Importance of Signaling Pathways
Importance of Signaling Pathways
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RTK Function
RTK Function
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RTK Dimerization
RTK Dimerization
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RTK Signaling Termination
RTK Signaling Termination
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RTK Examples
RTK Examples
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SH2 and PTB domains
SH2 and PTB domains
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Adaptor proteins
Adaptor proteins
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Docking proteins
Docking proteins
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What are RTKs?
What are RTKs?
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What happens when a ligand binds to an RTK?
What happens when a ligand binds to an RTK?
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What are the three major signaling pathways triggered by RTKs?
What are the three major signaling pathways triggered by RTKs?
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Why is the Ras pathway important?
Why is the Ras pathway important?
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How are RTK signals terminated?
How are RTK signals terminated?
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RTKs and Relay Proteins
RTKs and Relay Proteins
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3 Major RTK Signaling Pathways
3 Major RTK Signaling Pathways
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PLCγ in RTK Signaling
PLCγ in RTK Signaling
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PLCγ Activation and PIP2 Cleavage
PLCγ Activation and PIP2 Cleavage
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IP3 and DAG Signaling
IP3 and DAG Signaling
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IP3 and DAG vs. GCPRs
IP3 and DAG vs. GCPRs
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SH2 Domains in RTK Signaling
SH2 Domains in RTK Signaling
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What are GPCRs?
What are GPCRs?
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What is the PIP3 → AKT pathway?
What is the PIP3 → AKT pathway?
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Why are signaling pathways important?
Why are signaling pathways important?
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What is RTK function?
What is RTK function?
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How is RTK signaling terminated?
How is RTK signaling terminated?
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RTKs: What are they?
RTKs: What are they?
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RTK activation: How does it work?
RTK activation: How does it work?
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RTK signaling: What happens next?
RTK signaling: What happens next?
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RTK signaling pathways
RTK signaling pathways
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RTK ligands: examples
RTK ligands: examples
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RTK and disease
RTK and disease
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SH2 and PTB domains: What are their roles?
SH2 and PTB domains: What are their roles?
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What is the Ras/MAPK Signaling Pathway?
What is the Ras/MAPK Signaling Pathway?
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MAPK Cascade
MAPK Cascade
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What is the role of MAPK in cellular processes?
What is the role of MAPK in cellular processes?
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MAPK pathway: Steps 1-4
MAPK pathway: Steps 1-4
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Epinephrine: The 'fight or flight' hormone
Epinephrine: The 'fight or flight' hormone
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GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) signaling
GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) signaling
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RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) signaling
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) signaling
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Study Notes
HSS2305: Molecular Mechanisms of Disease
- Molecular Mechanisms of Disease is the subject of the lecture, and the lecture is labelled as Lecture 17.
- Signal Transduction: RTKs and MAPKs is the specific topic covered.
- Prof. Keir Menzies delivered the lecture.
- Final Exam: Scheduled for Thursday, 12/12/2024, from 9:30 AM to 12:30 PM. The test location is 100 Louis Pasteur (CRX) C442.
- Exam Content: Studying from lecture 8 through gene transcription and translation is part of the 45% of the final mark. This segment is not cumulative. The final will be in-person. Respondus Lockdown Browser or Zoom proctoring will be used for the final exam.
- Cell Signaling Receptors: Receptor types include G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RTKs), ligand-gated channels, steroid hormone receptors, and specialized receptors. Specialized receptors include B-cell and T-cell receptors, responsible for immune diversity.
- Ligand-gated channels: Allow or conduct passage of ions.
- Steroid hormone receptors and nuclear receptors: are also receptor types.
- Signal Transduction Pathways: There are multiple types of intracellular second messenger pathways initiated by receptors. The text highlights pathways involving cAMP (e.g., glucagon, epinephrine), GMP (e.g., light/rhodopsin), and IP3/DAG (e.g., epinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin).
- Cell Signaling: The cell signaling process has two major transmission routes: (1) Generation of second messengers via effector enzymes and (2) recruitment of signalling proteins to intracelluar domains initiating a protein-activated cascade.
- Cell Signaling and Receptors: Important types and examples of receptor proteins, including types like G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), ligand-gated channels, and steroid receptors (nuclear receptors). These factors regulate a wide range of cellular functions and responses.
- Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are also detailed with ligand binding sites and activated relay proteins.
- RTK Pathways: The text discusses multiple detailed pathways including autophosphorylation mechanisms, recruitment of specific relay proteins (like SH2-containing proteins), trans-autophosphorylation actions of the RTK, and how these relay proteins help with different cellular responses.
- Common Ligands: Insulin, VEGF, PDGF, EGF, and FGF are discussed as examples.
- General Cell Signaling: The concept of "cross-talk" is emphasized. This refers to signals passing forward or backward between different pathways which influence and modulate each other.
- Signaling Pathways and Receptors: The text emphasizes how receptors and different signalling pathways impact cellular responses, including but not limited to growth, cell proliferation, gene expression, etc.
- Examples of Ligands: VEGF, PDGF, and EGF.
- Regulation of Blood Glucose: The lecture emphasizes hormonal regulation of blood glucose. Glucagon and epinephrine are described as examples of hormones regulating glucose mobilization.
- Insulin Signaling: This hormone's role in regulating blood glucose levels is addressed.
- PIP3 → AKT Pathway: Important molecules like IRS, PI3K recruitment, PDK1, PDK2, Akt. Ligands are also noted.
- Ras → MAPK Pathway: Key steps in the Ras pathway, including the role of the Ras protein, autophosphorylation of the receptor, recruitment of adapter proteins (Grb2, Sos), stimulation of Ras, phosphorylation activity.
- Other Signalling Pathway Types: The lecture details various signaling pathways such as PLCγ → IP3/DAG, PIP3 → AKT, and Ras → MAPK.
- MAPK cascades: These pathways are complex and involve multiple steps to regulate different cellular responses in mammals. ERK, p38, and JNK pathways are highlighted.
- Convergence and Divergence: The text points out how different signals converge to a pathway; the same signal can have various impacts.
- Next Lecture: A future lecture is announced, with no further content related to the next one explained.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Lecture 17 of HSS2305: Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, delivered by Prof. Keir Menzies. It covers the critical topic of Signal Transduction, specifically relating to RTKs and MAPKs, and prepares you for the final exam. Enhance your understanding of various cell signaling receptors and their roles in molecular pathways.
