18 Questions
What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in cellular signaling?
Phosphorylates specific substrate proteins
What is the function of phosphodiesterase in cellular signaling?
Inactivates cAMP by converting it to AMP
What is the function of phospholipase C (PLC) in the second messenger pathway?
Produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
How does inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) contribute to cellular signaling?
Stimulates the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores
What is the significance of autophosphorylation in cellular signaling?
Allows protein kinases to become persistently activated
What is the downstream effect of increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in cellular signaling?
Promotes the activation of PKC and other Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases
What is the main function of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) upon ligand binding?
Dimerize and autophosphorylate
Which peptide hormones can activate Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)?
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)
Which type of receptor directly opens the ion channel upon binding of the neurotransmitter?
Ligand-gated channels
What is the consequence of autophosphorylation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)?
Activation of downstream signaling cascades
What is the main function of G protein-coupled receptors in intracellular signaling?
Stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production
Which enzyme is involved in the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from ATP?
Adenylyl Cyclase
How do second messengers like cAMP affect synaptic transmission?
They modulate fast synaptic transmission by regulating pre- or postsynaptic membrane actions
What is the role of protein kinase AKT in intracellular signaling pathways?
Activation of downstream signaling cascades for cell survival and growth
In the inactive state, the stimulatory G protein (Gs) consists of which subunits bound to GDP?
ext{a(s)}, eta, and ext{y}
What happens when PKA translocates to the nucleus in response to sustained receptor activation?
It phosphorylates transcription factors that alter gene expression
Which type of receptors is responsible for initiating a second-messenger cascade or acting directly on ion channels?
G protein-coupled receptors
What initiates a cascade of protein phosphorylation reactions in long-term synaptic changes?
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Learn about the structure and activation of cAMP Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), integral membrane proteins that play a crucial role in signal transduction. Understand how RTKs exist as monomers until ligand binding induces dimerization and activation by peptide hormones like EGF, FGF, NGF, and BDNF.
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