cAMP Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

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What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in cellular signaling?

Phosphorylates specific substrate proteins (correct)
Inactivates cAMP by converting it to AMP
Stimulates the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores
Hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)

What is the function of phosphodiesterase in cellular signaling?

Activates protein kinases by removing activating phosphate groups
Promotes the activation of PKC and other Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases
Deactivates protein kinases by removing activating phosphate groups
Inactivates cAMP by converting it to AMP (correct)

What is the function of phospholipase C (PLC) in the second messenger pathway?

Activates protein kinases by removing activating phosphate groups
Recruits and activates Protein Kinase C (PKC)
Produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) (correct)
Stimulates the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores

How does inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) contribute to cellular signaling?

Stimulates the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of autophosphorylation in cellular signaling?

Allows protein kinases to become persistently activated (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the downstream effect of increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in cellular signaling?

Promotes the activation of PKC and other Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) upon ligand binding?

Dimerize and autophosphorylate (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide hormones can activate Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)?

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor directly opens the ion channel upon binding of the neurotransmitter?

Ligand-gated channels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of autophosphorylation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)?

Activation of downstream signaling cascades (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of G protein-coupled receptors in intracellular signaling?

Stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from ATP?

Adenylyl Cyclase (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do second messengers like cAMP affect synaptic transmission?

They modulate fast synaptic transmission by regulating pre- or postsynaptic membrane actions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein kinase AKT in intracellular signaling pathways?

Activation of downstream signaling cascades for cell survival and growth (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the inactive state, the stimulatory G protein (Gs) consists of which subunits bound to GDP?

<pre><code>ext{a(s)}, eta, and ext{y} (D) </code></pre> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when PKA translocates to the nucleus in response to sustained receptor activation?

It phosphorylates transcription factors that alter gene expression (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors is responsible for initiating a second-messenger cascade or acting directly on ion channels?

G protein-coupled receptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates a cascade of protein phosphorylation reactions in long-term synaptic changes?

Receptor tyrosine kinases (B) Signup and view all the answers