HSC 3502 Exam Content Overview

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Questions and Answers

What medication can a patient take if they are on tacrolimus for immunosuppression?

Tylenol (correct)

Ibuprofen

Advil

Aspirin

Which heart valve is associated with the most issues in patients?

Aortic valve

Bicuspid (mitral) valve (correct)

Pulmonary valve

Tricuspid valve

How frequently does a patient typically return for checkups after treatment?

Every month

Every three months (correct)

Once a year

Every six months

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

To maintain heart rhythm and coordinate contractions Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart's structure is known as the site of necrosis during a heart attack?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

What key symptom indicated that Christina Cinca might have restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Persistent heart murmur Signup and view all the answers

At what age was Christina diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy?

7 years old Signup and view all the answers

What kind of exercise test was Christina required to perform during her diagnostic evaluation?

Treadmill test Signup and view all the answers

What was Christina's emotional response to her medical condition post-transplant?

Fear and anxiety about being outside Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the heart that was intended for Christina's transplant but could not be used initially?

It was shown to Christina to assess her condition Signup and view all the answers

Which team was involved in supporting Christina during her hospital stay post-transplant?

Music therapists Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Christina's heart function was highlighted in her diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Heart pumped well but couldn't relax Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Underlying genetic conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy (VRT)?

To reduce vertigo and dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for receiving cochlear implants?

Ability to hear some sounds Signup and view all the answers

What does the surgical procedure myringotomy involve?

Incising the eardrum to release pressure Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals in the Deaf Culture generally view their condition?

As a unique identity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following devices is specifically used for alerting purposes?

Large-area audio loop Signup and view all the answers

What factor can limit recovery in Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy?

Emotional concerns Signup and view all the answers

What is a common activity mentioned that helps individuals with Parkinson's Disease improve their condition?

Boxing Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of untreated severe to profound sensorineural deafness?

Increased risk of social isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the prevention strategies for ear health?

Avoid ototoxic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to hydrating for individuals with Parkinson's Disease?

To combat stiffness and enhance mobility Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of primary parkinsonism?

Represents 75-80% of Parkinson's disease cases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common prodromal symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Tremors or shaking Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of secondary parkinsonism?

Environmental exposure to toxins Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characterized by involuntary, rhythmic shaking in Parkinson's disease?

Tremors Signup and view all the answers

What is the method used to classify Parkinson's disease severity?

Hoehn and Yahr Scale Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease?

Exposure to herbicides Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is NOT typically associated with Parkinson's disease?

Severe hair loss Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment strategy is known for improving the quality of life in Parkinson's disease?

Carbidopa-levodopa therapy Signup and view all the answers

What type of dementia occurs due to chronic insufficient blood flow to the brain?

Vascular dementia Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Parkinson's disease do symptoms typically require assistance to stand?

Stage 4 Signup and view all the answers

In adults, which age group is most commonly affected by Young Onset Parkinson's disease?

21-50 years Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym SPECT stand for in the context of diagnosing Parkinson’s disease?

Single-photon emission computerized tomography Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment strategy for managing Parkinson's disease?

Excessive alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of the Parkinson’s Outcomes Project?

Regular care by neurologists can significantly improve outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of atherosclerosis?

Chronic inflammatory response leading to plaque buildup Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most indicative of myocardial infarction?

Chest pain radiating to the left arm Signup and view all the answers

How is stable angina different from unstable angina?

Stable angina is predictable and triggered by activity, while unstable angina is not Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common trigger for cardiac arrhythmias?

Poor sleep and high caffeine intake Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cardiac arrest from heart failure?

Heart failure involves gradual deterioration, while cardiac arrest is sudden cessation of heart function Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor associated with hypertension?

Uncontrolled high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits endocarditis?

Inflammation caused by bacterial infection in heart chambers/valves Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is often used for managing heart failure?

Cardiac resynchronization therapy using pacemakers Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of valvular conditions like mitral prolapse?

Blood flows backward into the atria Signup and view all the answers

What are tachycardia and bradycardia defined as?

Heart rate exceeding 100 bpm and below 60 bpm respectively Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?

Cognitive deficits and unexpected weight gain Signup and view all the answers

How does arrhythmia typically affect stroke risk?

Increases risk fivefold Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in managing cardiac arrhythmias?

Identifying triggers Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood pressure reading considered healthy?

120/80 Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily associated with the abnormal clumps found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients?

Amyloid plaques Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is most affected in terms of memory loss due to Alzheimer's disease?

Entorhinal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mini-Cog Test primarily assess?

Memory and planning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of specialists focuses on assessing memory in older adults?

Neuropsychologists Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used to help maintain mental functions in Alzheimer's patients?

Donepezil Signup and view all the answers

What represents the first stage of Alzheimer's disease, where symptoms are not yet evident?

Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior might be seen in moderate dementia due to Alzheimer's?

Wandering and confusion Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of the National Alzheimer’s Project Act (NAPA)?

Prevent and effectively treat Alzheimer’s Disease by 2025 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

Low cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tau protein in Alzheimer's pathology?

Disruption of neuron transport Signup and view all the answers

What statement about the etiology of Alzheimer's is true?

There are both genetic and environmental factors at play. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of severe dementia due to Alzheimer's?

Total assistance with activities of daily living Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease?

Regular physical and mental exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of behavioral management for Alzheimer's patients?

Ensuring safety from wandering and aggression Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HSC 3502 #2 - 2024 Exam Content

Exam covers chapters, videos, and in-class assignments from weeks 9-14.
Key themes include risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vocational implications, medical terminology.
Students need to compare and contrast diseases, giving recommendations for exercise and secondary prevention techniques.
Understanding relevant historical perspectives is essential.
Expect two questions from each "On Location" video focusing on causes, diagnosis, complications, and treatment advice for health professionals.

Cardiovascular Disease - On Location Video - Nina

Christina Cinca, diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy at age 7.
Diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy at age 7, heart murmur detected later in pediatric appointment.
Diagnosis included ECHOs and EKGs.
At age 10-11, required a treadmill for fitness tests.
Her heart pumped well but couldn't relax, limiting her ability to participate in athletics.
Listed on transplant list, due to rarity of the condition.
Experienced pneumonia and postponed transplant surgery (practice run).
Received a heart transplant in September 2014.
Spent 10-11 days in hospital post-transplant.

Specific Objectives for Understanding Cardiovascular Diseases

Students should be able to identify factors that increase risk of heart disease.
Students should be able to identify and describe the symptoms of cardiovascular diseases.
Students should describe the common causes of cardiovascular disease for comprehensive comprehension.
Students should understand the diagnosis of common cardiovascular diseases to identify risks and complications.
Advice provided to health professionals for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease should be readily accessible for appropriate application.

Objectives - Heart Structures

Heart Layers:
- Pericardium: Outer sac of the heart.
- Myocardium: Heart muscle, site of a heart attack.
- Endocardium: Inner part of the heart, where all the valves are.
Circulatory System
- Deoxygenated blood travels through the right side of the heart, then to the lungs.
- Oxygenated blood enters the left side for distribution through the body.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry blood toward the heart.
Heart Valves:
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve plays a significant role in heart function, abnormalities can lead to the backflow of blood.

Electrical System of the Heart

The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the heart's electrical activity, regulating its rhythm.
Coordination of the heart contraction and relaxation occurs through the coordinated electrical impulses.

Risk Factors of Heart Disease

Arrhythmia: Includes irregular rate, general fatigue, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis includes triggers like caffeine or alcohol, sleep issues, and stress. Treatments include medication like antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, and anticoagulants.
Atherosclerosis: Characterized by chronic inflammatory responses, often associated with hyperlipidemia. Symptoms vary but may include dizziness, vertigo, palpitations, and blurry vision.
Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of the arteries. Often occurs in conjunction with atherosclerosis.
Angina Pectoris: Symptoms consist of chest pain, triggered by activity, and resolved with rest. This condition is linked to a narrowing of arteries, restricting blood flow.
Cardiac Arrest: Sudden cessation of heart function. Requires immediate CPR and potentially defibrillation to avoid fatality.

Cardiac Arrest vs. Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial Infarction: Damage to heart muscle due to lack of oxygen; symptoms can include chest pain, radiating to neck and arm, nausea, dyspnea, and disorientation.
Cardiac Arrest: Sudden, complete cessation of heart function; a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate CPR and defibrillation.

Description of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

Diastole: The resting phase, where the heart is relaxed and chambers are filling.
Systole: The contracting phase, where blood is pumped from chambers to the body.
Blood Pressure (120/80): Normal blood pressure readings.

Understanding the Role of Medication and Interventions

Tacrolimus: Suppresses rejection.
Ibuprofen and Advil: Avoid due to interaction.
Medical Advice: Health professionals should consider listening, showing empathy, establishing trust, and providing time for questions.

Surgical and Minimally Invasive Interventions (for Heart Conditions):

Angioplasty: Opening obstructed arteries with a balloon; often with a stent to ensure long-term patency.
CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft): Creates new routes for blood flow around blocked coronary arteries.
Heart Transplant: A replacement procedure for those with severe heart conditions.
Mitral Valve Repair/Ablation: Addressing issues with the mitral valve.

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Description

This quiz covers essential content from HSC 3502 for the 2024 exam, including key themes such as risk factors, symptoms, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Students will engage with chapters, videos, and in-class assignments from weeks 9-14, enhancing their understanding of medical terminology and historical perspectives in health education.