Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a common mode of HPV transmission, according to the material?
Which of the following is NOT a common mode of HPV transmission, according to the material?
Which HPV strains are commonly associated with condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)?
Which HPV strains are commonly associated with condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of HPV virions that contributes to their transmissibility?
Which of the following is a characteristic of HPV virions that contributes to their transmissibility?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the progression of HPV infection to cervical dysplasia or cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the progression of HPV infection to cervical dysplasia or cancer?
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Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the HPV E6 protein promotes cell transformation?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the HPV E6 protein promotes cell transformation?
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What is the function of the E7 protein in HPV-mediated cell transformation?
What is the function of the E7 protein in HPV-mediated cell transformation?
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What is the effect of E5, E6, and E7 oncogenes on cell proliferation and DNA repair?
What is the effect of E5, E6, and E7 oncogenes on cell proliferation and DNA repair?
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In HPV-induced cervical cancer, what role does the disruption of the E2 gene play?
In HPV-induced cervical cancer, what role does the disruption of the E2 gene play?
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What percentage of PAP smears are estimated to contain HPV?
What percentage of PAP smears are estimated to contain HPV?
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What is the effect of E5 on cellular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)?
What is the effect of E5 on cellular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)?
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What type of RNA is found inside the icosahedral core of Hepatitis C Virus?
What type of RNA is found inside the icosahedral core of Hepatitis C Virus?
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Which glycoprotein interacts with the host cell receptor for Hepatitis C Virus entry?
Which glycoprotein interacts with the host cell receptor for Hepatitis C Virus entry?
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What process facilitates the entry of Hepatitis C Virus into host cells?
What process facilitates the entry of Hepatitis C Virus into host cells?
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Which agent could inhibit the processing of polyproteins in the Hepatitis C Virus lifecycle?
Which agent could inhibit the processing of polyproteins in the Hepatitis C Virus lifecycle?
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What percentage of Hepatitis C Virus infections typically progress to chronic infections?
What percentage of Hepatitis C Virus infections typically progress to chronic infections?
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What type of virus is Hepatitis B classified as?
What type of virus is Hepatitis B classified as?
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What is a common acute symptom of Hepatitis B infection?
What is a common acute symptom of Hepatitis B infection?
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Chronic Hepatitis B infection can lead to which of the following conditions?
Chronic Hepatitis B infection can lead to which of the following conditions?
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Which of the following is NOT a route of transmission for Hepatitis B?
Which of the following is NOT a route of transmission for Hepatitis B?
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What do IgM antibodies indicate in the context of hepatitis viruses?
What do IgM antibodies indicate in the context of hepatitis viruses?
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What is the primary function of the upper respiratory epithelium?
What is the primary function of the upper respiratory epithelium?
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What happens to the epithelial cells as you move from the upper to the lower respiratory tract?
What happens to the epithelial cells as you move from the upper to the lower respiratory tract?
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Which component of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for binding to the ACE2 receptor?
Which component of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for binding to the ACE2 receptor?
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Where are ACE2 receptors primarily located?
Where are ACE2 receptors primarily located?
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What can help neutralize debris trapped in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract?
What can help neutralize debris trapped in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract?
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What is the role of the nucleic acid in a virus?
What is the role of the nucleic acid in a virus?
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Which component of a virus serves as a protective protein shell?
Which component of a virus serves as a protective protein shell?
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What type of virus is known for its segmented RNA structure?
What type of virus is known for its segmented RNA structure?
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Which of the following viruses primarily targets T cells and macrophages?
Which of the following viruses primarily targets T cells and macrophages?
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What type of proteins facilitate viral replication and disease progression?
What type of proteins facilitate viral replication and disease progression?
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Which virus is associated with respiratory epithelial cells and binds to sialic acid?
Which virus is associated with respiratory epithelial cells and binds to sialic acid?
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What does the E2 gene primarily encode?
What does the E2 gene primarily encode?
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How is respiratory disease most commonly transmitted?
How is respiratory disease most commonly transmitted?
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What effect does E6 have on the p53 protein?
What effect does E6 have on the p53 protein?
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What is the average number of respiratory illnesses per year for a person?
What is the average number of respiratory illnesses per year for a person?
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What is the function of the HPV E7 protein?
What is the function of the HPV E7 protein?
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Which family does the SARS-CoV-1 virus belong to?
Which family does the SARS-CoV-1 virus belong to?
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Which protein is primarily responsible for HIV-1 attachment to its receptor?
Which protein is primarily responsible for HIV-1 attachment to its receptor?
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What occurs in the absence of the E2 gene?
What occurs in the absence of the E2 gene?
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What is a consequence of the degradation of p53 and pRb proteins?
What is a consequence of the degradation of p53 and pRb proteins?
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What is hyperkeratosis?
What is hyperkeratosis?
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What defines a koliocyte?
What defines a koliocyte?
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Which ligase does E7 recruit to assist with the degradation of pRb?
Which ligase does E7 recruit to assist with the degradation of pRb?
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Flashcards
Upper Respiratory Epithelium
Upper Respiratory Epithelium
The part of the respiratory tract above the larynx, characterized by taller cells with cilia and mucus-producing cells.
Function of Cilia in Respiratory Epithelium
Function of Cilia in Respiratory Epithelium
Cilia help to move debris trapped in mucus towards the gastrointestinal tract.
Lower Respiratory Epithelium
Lower Respiratory Epithelium
The respiratory tract below the larynx, featuring shorter cells with less cilia and mucus cells to improve gas diffusion.
SARS-CoV-2 Entry Points
SARS-CoV-2 Entry Points
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ACE2 Receptors
ACE2 Receptors
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Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid
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Capsid
Capsid
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Structural proteins
Structural proteins
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Non-structural proteins
Non-structural proteins
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Envelope
Envelope
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Respiratory viruses
Respiratory viruses
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Transmission methods
Transmission methods
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Viral Attachment Protein (VAP)
Viral Attachment Protein (VAP)
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Cell tropism
Cell tropism
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Common respiratory viruses
Common respiratory viruses
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HPV Transmission
HPV Transmission
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Common Warts
Common Warts
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Cervical Carcinoma Strains
Cervical Carcinoma Strains
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E5 Oncogene Function
E5 Oncogene Function
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E6 Action
E6 Action
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E7 Role
E7 Role
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HPV and Cervical Dysplasia
HPV and Cervical Dysplasia
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Risk Factors for HPV Progression
Risk Factors for HPV Progression
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Integration of HPV DNA
Integration of HPV DNA
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HPV as STI
HPV as STI
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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
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Acute vs Chronic Infection
Acute vs Chronic Infection
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Transmission routes of HBV
Transmission routes of HBV
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Effects of Chronic HBV Infection
Effects of Chronic HBV Infection
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Dane Particle
Dane Particle
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E2 Glycoprotein
E2 Glycoprotein
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Replication complex
Replication complex
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Chronic Infection Statistics
Chronic Infection Statistics
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E2 Gene Function
E2 Gene Function
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Oncogenes E6 and E7
Oncogenes E6 and E7
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Role of E6 Protein
Role of E6 Protein
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Role of E7 Protein
Role of E7 Protein
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Effect of E6 and E7
Effect of E6 and E7
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Hyperproliferation
Hyperproliferation
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Hyperkeratosis
Hyperkeratosis
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Koliocyte
Koliocyte
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Study Notes
MABS Microbiology
- Virology, Respiratory, Hepatitis, Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses, Human Retroviruses are covered
- Course instructional objectives are outlined for each subject
Course Instructional Objectives
- Mcro 3.1: Describes the taxonomy, structure, function, transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, and effects at the cellular level or human immune response for Coronaviruses.
- Mcro 3.2: Describes the taxonomy, structure, function, transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication and effects at the cellular level, human immune response and treatment for influenza viruses.
- Mcro 3.3: Describes the taxonomy, structure, function, transmission, pathogenesis, effects on cellular level, and human immune response for RSV, Paramyxoviridae
- Mcro 3.4: Describes the taxonomy, structure, function, transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, and effects at the cellular level or human immune response for Adenovirdae
- Mcro 3.5: Describes the taxonomy, structure, function of retroviruses (especially HIV-1), including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level, human immune response and/or treatment.
- Mcro 3.6: Describes the taxonomy, structure, and function of Papillomaviridae, including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level and which HPV forms are more/less likely to cause cancer.
- Mcro 3.7: Describes the taxonomy, structure, and function of hepatitis viruses (specifically HVA, HVB, and HVC), including transmission, pathogenesis, and effects on the cellular level or human immune response.
Review: Components of a Virus
- Viral Component: Nucleic acid, Capsid, Structural proteins, Non-structural proteins, Envelope
- Role in Viral Life Cycle: Encodes information for progeny virions, protein shell protecting viral nucleic acid, forms capsid and packages the genome, attachment proteins, required for replication or disease progression, lipid bilayer facilitating attachment and host cell membrane penetration
- Examples: DNA/RNA, icosahedral/helical, Matrix/Nucleocapsid, Polymerase/Helicase,Lipid bilayer
Respiratory Viruses
- Respiratory disease accounts for 75-80% of acute morbidity in the US
- Most respiratory illnesses are estimated at 80% caused by viruses: including incubation periods from 1-14 days.
- Common respiratory illnesses include: Parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronaviruses (including COVID-19), adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and bocaviruses.
- Average per person = 3-4 episodes annually
VAP and Cell Receptor Pairs
- Overview of various viruses, their families, structure, and associated receptors, and cell tropism
- Viruses, families, VAP, receptor, and cell tropism are listed (e.g., HIV-1, Retroviridae, gp120/CD4, T-cells, macs)
Summary: Coronaviruses
- Coronaviruses are the largest RNA viruses.
- Genome is positive sense RNA, helical nucleocapsid, and a lipid bilayer envelope containing viral spike protein (S), membrane glycoprotein, and envelope glycoprotein.
- Viral replication in the cytoplasm
- Three novel human coronaviruses causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 (COVID-19).
- Transmission by respiratory droplets, spikes,ACE-2 receptor.
Respiratory Epithelium
- Explains the structure and function of upper and lower respiratory tract epithelium, specifically the role in cleaning air, mucus production, trapping debris, and facilitating gas exchange.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Viruses
- Caused by zoonotic coronaviruses
- Spread commonly by respiratory droplets
- Virus infects and destroys respiratory epithelial cells
- Causes atypical pneumonia, high fever, chills, headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, and diarrhea.
- Mortality rate is age-related variations
- Immune-mediated cytokine storm
Review: Viral Infection and the Immune System
- Describes the general viral infection process and the immune system's response.
Immune System & Coronaviruses
- High leukocytes recruitment, especially CD8 cytotoxic T cells, monocytes and neutrophils
- Cell-mediated immunity helps control infection
- Damage caused by COVID-19, both viral and immune-mediated.
- Inflammation in lung, alveolar epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells
Summary: Influenza
- Influenza viruses belong to Orthomyxoviridae family, enveloped, pleomorphic, helical, single-stranded RNA virus, segmented.
- Classified into 3 types: A, B, and C based on antigenic variation. Influenza A causes more severe & extensive epidemics than B or C.
- Two virus-specific glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA). These are crucial proteins for virus infection & their function.
- An important note, influenza B viruses are relatively stable.
Influenza Virus
- Family Orthomyxoviridae, linear ssRNA genome, enveloped, helical capsid
- Transmission: respiratory droplets,
- Tropism: respiratory epithelium.
- Major surface glycoproteins-hemagglutinin (HA), which binds to sialic acid glycoprotein receptor on host cell, and neuraminidase (NA), which is required for viral release in the host.
- There are 18 subtypes and 11 subtypes in human influenza virus.
Influenza, Transcription & Replication
- Overview of the influenza A virus replication cycle and the role of the virus's RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in transcription ,replication, & assembly.
- Influenza A viruses replicate within the nucleus, using viral mRNA & the host cell's mechanisms.
Pathogenicity & Virulence
- Pathogenicity: the ability of a microbial species to cause disease
- Virulence: the ability of a microbial strain to cause disease
Antigenic Drift vs Antigenic Shift
- Antigenic drift refers to the gradual accumulation of mutations in the influenza virus; which causes minor changes to the Hemagglutinin & Neuraminidase spike proteins.
- Antigenic shift refers to the abrupt change in the influenza virus due to reassortment of genome segments.
Influenza Virus (Features)
- Influenza structure (and components e.g. glycoproteins, hemagglutinin spikes (HA) & neuraminidase spikes (NA))
- Antigenic sites, which are binding sites on the surface proteins (HA and NA), that are targeted by antibodies after infection or vaccine.
- Antibodies that recognize & bind these sites help neutralize the virus.
Influenza Life Cycle
- Explains step by step the replication cycle of influenza virus within the host cell
- Describes how the virus makes copies of itself, transcribes itself to prepare for translation, translates viral proteins, pack the DNA, then buds from the cytoplasm leaving the cell.
Influenza Disease
- Disease symptoms, complications and treatment
- The severity of the symptoms depends on the patient’s immune status, underlying medical conditions, and the specific influenza strain.
- Common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and fatigue; and complications from severe disease, including pneumonia, and death.
Immune System & Influenza
- Interferon release from natural killer cells & macrophages, and cytotoxic T cell responses.
- Antibody-mediated immunity also, antibodies to hemagglutinin or neuraminidase.
- Antibody-mediated immunity which develops over a few days from the body's response to infection.
- The influenza virus will damage the tissue creating a chance for a secondary (bacterial) respiratory infection.
Influenza Treatment & Prevention
- Methods used to treat and prevent influenza infection
- Symptomatic treatments e.g., Antihistamines , Acetominaphen,
- Inhibiting attachment (e.g. antibodies elicited by vaccines),
- Inhibiting viral uncoating (e.g, amantadine or rimantadine),
- Inhibiting viral release (e.g. zanamivir, or oseltamivir, and peramivir).
- Prevention: Vaccination
Classification of RNA Viruses
- Discusses the classification scheme for RNA viruses based on genome structure and capsid features.
Paramyxoviridae
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to Paramyxoviridae family.
- Enveloped, helical, negative-sense linear RNA virus.
- Its name & derivation from the ability to produce cell fusion in tissue culture (syncytium formation).
- Primarily infects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli of the lung.
- RSV infection occurs through respiratory route (infective secretions). A 4-6 day incubation.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Viral attachment proteins – G and F glycoproteins.
- Tropism for respiratory epithelium.
- Transmission – large droplets & direct contact.
- Common in infants (and children aged 0-2).
- High risk populations (premature infants, elderly, and transplant recipients)
VAP and Cell Receptor Pairs
- Overview and more detailed descriptions of different Viruses, families, VAPs, and respective receptors along with the cell tropism.
Classification of DNA Viruses
- DNA viruses are part of the HHAPPPPY classification system used for further grouping; including Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Papillomaviridae & Polyomaviridae.
- DNA viruses have double-stranded genomes, except Parvoviridae which have single-stranded genomes.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that infects human genital & cutaneous tracts.
- Icosahedral outer shell
- Associated with various diseases including skin warts & cervical cancer
HPV Transformation
- HPV's oncoproteins (e.g., E5, E6, and E7) inactivating tumor suppressor proteins (e.g., p53 and Rb)
- Leads to uncontrolled cell growth & transformation.
HPV Diagnosis
- Indicates that HPV diagnosis is made through microscopy, pap smears and specific grading system.
Hepatitis Viruses
- Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver - caused by viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E)
- Describes the causes of Hepatitis, including viral infections, alcohol, autoimmune disorders, and ischemia
Hepatitis Overview
- Ranges from asymptomatic to self-limiting acute infection and severe acute infection to chronic infection, the features, common symptoms, and different phases of a possible disease progression
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
- Viral family -Picornaviridae
- Positive sense ssRNA
- Icosahedral (naked)
- Acquired through ingestion of contaminated food/water or shellfish.
- High risk populations are travelers or those in daycare settings.
- Replicates in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
- Viral family - Flaviviridae
- Positive sense ssRNA
- Enveloped
- Specific subtypes & geographic differences
- High mutation rate = multiple isolates
- Likely tropism is hepatocytes, potentially B cells.
- Transmission through sexual activity, or through blood transfusions, or transplantation of organs.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- Viral family - Hepadnavirus
- DNA virus
- Hepatocellular necrosis occurs due to body's immune response, not the virus.
- Transmission possible via numerous routes including transfusion, transplant recipients, mother to child, and through blood exposure
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Description
Test your knowledge on HPV transmission, associated strains, and the oncogenic mechanisms of its proteins. This quiz covers fundamental concepts regarding HPV's role in cervical dysplasia and cancer. Challenge yourself with questions about risk factors, pap smear statistics, and the molecular biology of HPV.
