HPLC Basics and Method Optimization

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Questions and Answers

What chromatography technique would be best to separate sodium chloride and sucrose?

  • Affinity chromatography
  • Gel filtration chromatography
  • Ion exchange chromatography (correct)
  • Reverse phase HPLC

Which LC mode is most appropriate to separate a mixture of caffeine, aspirin, and paracetamol?

  • Size exclusion HPLC
  • Reverse phase HPLC (correct)
  • Ion exchange HPLC
  • Normal phase HPLC

Which chromatographic technique exploits specific biological recognition for protein purification?

  • Partition chromatography
  • Affinity chromatography (correct)
  • Ion exchange chromatography
  • Size exclusion chromatography

If you want to separate amino acids, which technique would be suitable?

<p>Ion exchange chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stationary phase is typically used in reverse phase HPLC?

<p>Non-polar stationary phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ion exchange chromatography, what property is primarily used for separation?

<p>Charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography would be suitable for separating chiral compounds?

<p>Chiral chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is gas chromatography suitable for separating volatile organic compounds?

<p>Because it utilizes an inert gas as the mobile phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate chromatography technique for separating ionic compounds based on charge?

<p>Ion exchange chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In liquid chromatography, what is the purpose of using a gradient of water and a water-miscible organic solvent like acetonitrile?

<p>To elute compounds in order of increasing hydrophobicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography would be most suitable for separating large biomolecules based on size?

<p>Size exclusion chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can cholesterol be separated by reverse phase HPLC but not by gas chromatography?

<p>Cholesterol degrades at high temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes normal phase liquid chromatography from reverse phase liquid chromatography?

<p>The polarity of the stationary phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of column would be most appropriate for separating cholesterol by reverse phase HPLC?

<p>C18 column (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of compounds is gas chromatography not suitable due to thermal instability?

<p>Thermally labile compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mobile phase play in gas chromatography?

<p>Aiding in vaporizing the sample mixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using isocratic elution in HPLC?

<p>To maintain a constant mobile phase composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ion exchange chromatography, what type of resin beads are commonly used as the stationary phase?

<p>Cationic or anionic exchange resin beads (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromatography is specifically used for separating chiral compounds?

<p>Chiral stationary phase chromatography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TLC stand for in chromatography?

<p>Thin Layer Chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the carrier gas play in gas chromatography?

<p>Transports analytes through the column for separation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is gradient elution commonly used in reverse-phase HPLC for separating polar compounds?

<p>To improve selectivity by changing solvent polarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter does the van Deemter equation describe regarding chromatographic peaks?

<p>Band broadening factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromatography uses porous beads made from polymers like agarose or dextran?

<p>Size exclusion chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SEC stand for in chromatography when coupled with another mode like ion exchange?

<p>Size Exclusion Chromatography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a chiral stationary phase in chromatography?

<p>To selectively interact with enantiomers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chiral stationary phases in chromatography?

<p>To selectively interact with one enantiomer based on different affinities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In size exclusion chromatography (SEC), what property is primarily used for separation?

<p>Size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in the mobile phase between gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC)?

<p>GC uses gas mobile phase through a column; LC uses liquid mobile phase through a packed bed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromatography technique is best suited for separating inorganic ions?

<p>Ion exchange chromatography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the retention of compounds in chromatography?

<p>Phase polarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromatography technique is preferred for separating chiral drugs?

<p>Chiral LC using appropriate selector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between reverse phase LC and normal phase LC?

<p>'Reverse phase uses nonpolar stationary phase; normal phase uses polar stationary phase' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Method validation tests parameters like linearity, range, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection and quantification' primarily aim to ensure:

<p>'Suitability of the method for intended purpose' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'GC-MS identifies unknowns based on mass spectra and retention index' primarily enhances confidence in:

<p>'Compound identification' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromatography technique would be most suitable for separating large biomolecules such as proteins and polymers?

<p>Size exclusion chromatography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are typically separated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)?

<p>Polar compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromatography technique exploits specific biological interactions like antibody-antigen binding?

<p>Affinity chromatography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which type of compounds is gas chromatography (GC) typically used as the separation method?

<p>Volatile organic compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stationary phase is most suitable for non-polar or slightly polar compounds in gas chromatography?

<p>Dimethyl polysiloxane phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) uses to separate molecules?

<p>Molecular weight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromatography technique is best suited for separating ions based on charge state?

<p>Ion exchange chromatography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Chromatography Techniques

  • Ion Exchange Chromatography: separates ions based on charge state using cation or anion exchange resins; suitable for separating amino acids, peptides, inorganic ions
    • uses cation or anion exchange resin as stationary phase
    • separates based on charge-to-size ratio
  • Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): separates compounds based on hydrophobicity
    • uses non-polar stationary phase (e.g. C18) and polar mobile phase (e.g. water/acetonitrile)
    • suitable for separating moderately polar to non-polar compounds like lipids, pesticides, drugs
  • Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): separates compounds based on polarity
    • uses polar stationary phase (e.g. silica) and non-polar mobile phase (e.g. hexane/ethyl acetate)
    • suitable for separating polar compounds like alcohols, amines, acids
  • Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC): separates compounds based on size/molecular weight
    • uses porous beads that selectively retard passage of larger molecules
    • suitable for separating polymers, proteins, oligosaccharides by molecular weight
  • Affinity Chromatography: separates compounds based on biological interactions
    • exploits specific biological recognition between protein and ligand attached to stationary phase
    • suitable for purifying target biomolecules from complex mixtures

Applications of Chromatography

  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Gas Chromatography (GC) is typically used
  • Thermally Labile Compounds: Liquid Chromatography (LC) techniques like HPLC are preferred
  • Polar Compounds: Reverse Phase HPLC or Normal Phase HPLC can be used
  • Large Biomolecules: Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is suitable
  • Chiral Separations: Chiral stationary phases in GC or HPLC can be used
  • Ionizable Compounds: Ion Exchange Chromatography separates based on charge state
  • Inorganic Ions: Ion Chromatography uses different eluents and stationary phases tailored for separating anions/cations
  • Metal Complexes: Specialized techniques like TLC may be required

Gas Chromatography (GC)

  • Column: long, narrow capillary tubing coated internally with a thin film of stationary phase
  • Mobile Phase: inert gas like helium
  • Separation: based on differences in volatility and affinity between analytes and stationary phase
  • Detection: usually by Flame Ionization Detector (FID) or Mass Spectrometer (MS)

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

  • Column: contains tiny porous particles packed into a stainless steel tube
  • Mobile Phase: starts with water then increases proportion of water-miscible organic solvent like acetonitrile or methanol
  • Separation: based on interactions between analytes and mobile/stationary phases
  • Detection: usually by UV/Vis or Mass Spectrometer (MS)

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