232 Questions
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
Both A and B
Which cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
Present abnormal or nonself pathogens to T cells
What are the two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity?
MHC I and MHC II
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
Contain antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals fuse with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome.
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the top of the molecule
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Dendritic cells and not macrophages to phases or B cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC 1 has 3 alpha protein chain coupled with a smaller beta micro globular protein and MHC 2 has 2 alpha and 2 beta protein chains the cleft for MHC 1 is made from alpha and the cleft from beta is made from beta and alpha
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
Destroy infected cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
Present antigens to MHC molecules
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What type of cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and destroy infected cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' (or outermost) portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is cross-presentation?
When antigens are brought into the APC by mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC II, but the antigen is presented on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells
What types of antigens do MHC I molecules present on the cell surface?
Both normal self-antigens and abnormal or nonself pathogens
What types of antigens do MHC II molecules present on the cell surface?
Only abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens
What happens to immunodominant epitopes after they have been processed in antigen processing?
They are translocated to the cell surface of the dendritic cell for presentation to T cells
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells while MHC II molecules are only found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
Which cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity?
All nucleated cells
Which cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To fuse with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome where degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing begins
What is cross-presentation?
The presentation of antigens on MHC I molecules for CD8 T cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Recognition and attachment of dendritic cell to a pathogen cell
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal “self” cell
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the “top” (or outermost) portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present normal self-antigens as well as abnormal or nonself pathogens to the effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
What is the function of MHC I molecules in cellular immunity?
They signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell.
Which cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to the effector T cells involved in cellular immunity?
All nucleated cells of the body except mature red blood cells
Where are MHC II molecules found?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
Their structures are quite different
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
They contain antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals
What is cross-presentation?
The presentation of antigen on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
The internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of MHC II molecules in adaptive immunity?
They present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
They destroy infected cells and pathogens
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
They present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
The top portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
Which cells do MHC II molecules present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
Signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
Their structures are quite different
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
Destroy infected cells
What is cross-presentation?
The utilization of MHC I molecules for presentation on the cell surface
What is contained within the phagolysosome?
Antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
Present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to T cells
What do MHC I molecules present on the cell surface if a cell becomes infected with an intracellular pathogen?
Abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
Degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' or outermost portion of the MHC dimer
What is the function of antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals contained within the lysosomes?
Degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
Which cells have MHC I molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells except mature red blood cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What are the two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity?
MHC II and MHC I
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site near the 'bottom' portion of the MHC-I dimer, while MHC II molecules have the cleft near the 'top' portion
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' portion of the MHC-II dimer
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and kill infected cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells except mature red blood cells
What is cross-presentation?
The utilization of mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC II, but the antigen is presented on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells, while MHC II molecules are only found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
Which cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity?
All nucleated cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
Which molecules present normal self-antigens as well as abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity?
MHC I molecules
What are the two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity?
MHC I and MHC II
Which cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present normal self-antigens as well as abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
To present normal self-antigens as well as abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
What is the function of MHC molecules?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells
Which cells present normal self-antigens and abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells?
All nucleated cells
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells, while MHC II molecules are only found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is cross-presentation?
A mechanism used by dendritic cells to present antigens on MHC I molecules
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To create a phagosome where degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing begins
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Recognition and attachment of a dendritic cell to a pathogen cell
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To destroy infected cells
What is the function of macrophages in antigen presentation?
To phagocytose pathogens
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Mature red blood cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the top portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the function of B cells in antigen presentation?
To produce antibodies against pathogens
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells while MHC II molecules are only found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
Which cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
The top portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What are the two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity?
MHC I and MHC II
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To attack and destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells except mature red blood cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site near the 'top' (or outermost) portion of the molecule while MHC II molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site near the 'bottom' (or innermost) portion of the molecule
What is the function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells, while MHC II molecules present normal self-antigens.
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To contain antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals for degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing
What is cross-presentation?
The utilization of MHC I molecules to present antigens brought into the APC by mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC II
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To release cytokines and perform cytotoxic functions against infected cells
Which cells are involved in presenting abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
The top portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Dendritic cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
What is the function of B cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells of the body
What is the function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells
Which cells present antigens using MHC II molecules?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site near the 'bottom' portion of the molecule, while MHC II molecules have it near the 'top' portion
What is cross-presentation in antigen processing?
The presentation of antigens on MHC I molecules by dendritic cells
What cells utilize cross-presentation in antigen processing?
Only dendritic cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules in antigen presentation?
To present self-antigens to effector T cells
What is the function of MHC II molecules in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of a pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To degrade pathogens for antigen processing
What is contained within the antigen-binding cleft of MHC II molecules?
Abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens
What is contained within the antigen-binding cleft of MHC I molecules?
Abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and destroy infected cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
Signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
Present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for initial activation of T cells
Which cells present antigens to effector T cells using MHC I molecules?
All nucleated cells
Which cells present antigens for the initial activation of T cells using MHC II molecules?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC II molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site near the 'top' portion of the molecule, while MHC I molecules do not have a cleft
What is the process called when antigens are brought into the APC by mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC II, but the antigen is presented on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells?
Cross-presentation
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
Contain antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals for degradation of the pathogen
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' portion of the molecule
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
Destroy infected cells bearing abnormal MHC I molecules
What is the function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
To present both normal self-antigens and abnormal/nonself pathogens
Which cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC II molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins, while MHC I molecules are not
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
The pathogen is internalized by phagocytosis
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To recognize and kill infected cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present antigens to MHC molecules
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To fuse with the phagosome and create a phagolysosome for antigen processing
What is cross-presentation?
Presentation of antigens on MHC I molecules
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the top (or outermost) portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To present normal self-antigens only
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
To produce antibodies against pathogens
What is the function of MHC I molecules on normal, healthy, nucleated cells?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity, while MHC II molecules present normal self-antigens
What is cross-presentation?
The presentation of antigens on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells when the intracellular pathogen does not directly infect antigen-presenting cells
Which of the following is true about MHC molecules?
They are found on all cells except red blood cells
Which of the following is true about MHC I molecules?
They present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells involved in cellular immunity
Which of the following is true about MHC II molecules?
They present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
Which of the following is true about the structure of MHC molecules?
MHC molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site near the outermost portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To contain antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals that fuse with the phagosome
What is cross-presentation?
A mechanism by which antigens are presented on MHC I molecules for CD8 T cells
Which cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What happens to processed antigens after they associate within the antigen-binding cleft of MHC II molecules?
They are translocated to the cell surface of dendritic cells for presentation to T cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To present normal self-antigens only
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To eliminate infected cells
What type of cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
Present normal self-antigens to T cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
Present antigens to T cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC II molecules have a cleft that serves as the antigen-binding site
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
The pathogen is internalized by phagocytosis and is initially contained within a phagosome
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
Kill infected cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
Degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What are the two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity?
MHC I and MHC II
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
Present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens to T cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
The top portion of the MHC dimer
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
Signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
Present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for initial activation of T cells
What is the difference in structure between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
Both are transmembrane glycoproteins that assemble as dimers in the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, but their structures are quite different
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Phagocytosis
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Dendritic cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
Which type of cells have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
Destroy infected cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
Present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for initial activation of T cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
Degrade the pathogen for antigen processing
What are the two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity?
MHC I and MHC II
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
All nucleated cells
What is the function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
To present both normal self-antigens and abnormal or nonself pathogens
Which cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the difference in the distribution of MHC I and MHC II molecules in the body?
MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells, while MHC II molecules are found only on macrophages
What is the function of MHC I molecules on normal, healthy, nucleated cells?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' or outermost portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the process of cross-presentation?
Antigens are brought into the APC by mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC II, but the antigen is presented on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To create a phagolysosome where degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing begins
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Only dendritic cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and destroy infected cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present both normal self-antigens and abnormal or nonself pathogens
What is the structure of MHC molecules?
MHC I and MHC II molecules have different structures
What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
To present both normal self-antigens and abnormal or nonself pathogens
What is the function of MHC molecules in adaptive immunity?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the difference in distribution of MHC I and MHC II molecules in the body?
MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells, while MHC II molecules are only found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules on normal, healthy, nucleated cells?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
Which cells present processed antigens on MHC II molecules for the initial activation of T cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To degrade pathogens for antigen processing
What is the process of cross-presentation?
When antigens are brought into the APC by mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC II, but the antigen is presented on an MHC I molecule for CD8 T cells
What is the role of MHC molecules in cellular immunity?
To signal to the immune system that the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the structure of MHC molecules?
Both MHC I and MHC II molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins that assemble as dimers in the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, but their structures are quite different
What is the function of MHC II molecules on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the process of antigen processing?
When antigens are brought into the APC by mechanisms normally leading to presentation with MHC I, but the antigen is presented on an MHC II molecule for CD4 T cells
Which cells do not have MHC II molecules on their surface?
Red blood cells
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and kill infected cells
What type of cells present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?
MHC I molecules present abnormal or nonself pathogens to effector T cells, while MHC II molecules present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the function of cross-presentation in antigen processing?
To present antigens on MHC I molecules for CD8 T cells
What is the initial step in antigen processing?
Internalization of the pathogen by phagocytosis
What is the function of lysosomes in antigen processing?
To create a phagolysosome where degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing begins
What do MHC I molecules signal to the immune system?
That the cell is a normal 'self' cell
What is the function of MHC II molecules?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
Which cells utilize cross-presentation?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What is the antigen-binding site on MHC molecules?
Near the 'top' (or outermost) portion of the MHC-I or MHC-II dimer
What is the function of effector T cells in cellular immunity?
To directly attack and destroy infected cells
What is the function of dendritic cells in antigen presentation?
To present abnormal or nonself pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells
What is the function of MHC I molecules?
To present normal self-antigens to effector T cells
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