African trypanosomiasis
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Questions and Answers

What is African trypanosomiasis commonly known as?

  • Malaria
  • Sleeping sickness (correct)
  • Dengue fever
  • Yellow fever

    • What is the most effective way to prevent tsetse fly bites?

  • Applying pentamidine or suramin chemoprophylaxis
  • Wearing long-sleeved, bright (but not blue) clothing (correct)
  • Avoiding infested strips of land
  • Using insect repellents

    • What is the primary adverse effect of melarsoprol treatment?

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Acute encephalopathy (correct)
  • Skin rash
  • Muscle weakness

    • What is the main advantage of using pentamidine over other drugs to treat HAT?

    <p>It has a short treatment course and is easy to administer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is the preferred first-line treatment for stage II T. b. gambiense HAT?

    <p>NECT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effects are most pronounced in patients taking nifurtimox?

    <p>Gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of trypanosomiasis is most resistant to eflornithine treatment?

    <p>T. b) rhodesiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subgenus of Trypanosoma has three morphologically indistinguishable species, including T. brucei?

    <p>Trypanozoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Human African trypanosomiasis transmitted?

    <p>Through tsetse flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main strategy for controlling sleeping sickness in endemic areas?

    <p>Active case finding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for stage I HAT caused by T. b. gambiense?

    <p>Pentamidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of sleeping sickness as a public health problem?

    <p>It is still a severe public health problem in endemic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two stages of Human African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Hematologic and neurologic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subspecies of T. brucei infects humans, domestic livestock, and some wild antelopes?

    <p>T. b) rhodesiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if African trypanosomiasis is not treated in time?

    <p>It can be fatal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used for melarsoprol-refractory cases of T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness?

    <p>Eflornithine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects of suramin?

    <p>Pyrexia and nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely used stage II anti-trypanosomal drug?

    <p>Melarsoprol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug combination is the preferred first-line treatment for stage II T. b. gambiense HAT?

    <p>Nifurtimox and eflornithine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug has a high rate of serious adverse effects?

    <p>Melarsoprol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Human African trypanosomiasis is associated with progressive disease and death if left untreated?

    <p>Neurologic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subspecies of T. brucei can infect pigs and sheep, and only occasionally other orders?

    <p>T. b) gambiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different methods used for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Serologic assays, blood films, and nucleic acid amplification techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trypanolytic factor found in normal human plasma?

    <p>Complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for stage I HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense?

    <p>Suramin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Fever, chills, and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of people in sub-Saharan Africa who are at risk of Human African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>65 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subspecies of T. brucei can infect all domestic animals, camels, some antelopes, and carnivores, but not humans?

    <p>T. b) brucei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the new rapid diagnostic tests for African trypanosomiasis like?

    <p>Cheap, easy to use, and have improved sensitivity in detecting HAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is widely used for stage II anti-trypanosomal treatment of both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense infections?

    <p>Melarsoprol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface coat of glycoprotein that Trypanosoma has evolved?

    <p>VSG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a method used for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Stool tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second-line treatment in melarsoprol-refractory cases?

    <p>Nifurtimox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoal parasite causes a more acute form of Human African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>T. b) rhodesiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a new oral treatment for all stages of T. b. gambiense HAT?

    <p>Fexinidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoal parasite causes a more chronic infection of Human African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>T. b) gambiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trypanosome subspecies that is an animal pathogen?

    <p>T. b) brucei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trypanosome subspecies that infects humans in West and Central Africa?

    <p>T. b) gambiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred first-line treatment for stage II T. b. rhodesiense HAT?

    <p>Melarsoprol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of African trypanosomiasis in the late stage?

    <p>Sleep disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Human African trypanosomiasis if left untreated?

    <p>Disability and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is mostly used for melarsoprol-refractory cases of T. b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness?

    <p>Nifurtimox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trypanosome subspecies that infects humans in East and Southern Africa?

    <p>T. b) rhodesiense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trypanosome subspecies that can infect a wide range of mammalian hosts except primates?

    <p>T. evansi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern associated with the treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis?

    <p>Significant toxicity of treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is HAT prevention achieved in endemic areas?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the new rapid diagnostic tests for African trypanosomiasis (the HAT Sero-K-SeT and the SD Bioline HAT 1.0) characterized by?

    <p>Low cost and high sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as HAT or sleeping sickness, is a disease caused by the protozoa genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by tsetse flies. It has two stages: the hematologic stage (I) which is associated with systemic illness, and the neurologic stage (II) which is associated with progressive disease, disability, and death if left untreated. It may be difficult to diagnose and treatments are associated with significant toxicity. Although case numbers have been reduced in the last decade, HAT remains a threat to 65 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT is caused by two morphologically indistinguishable protozoal parasites: T. b. rhodesiense, which is responsible for a more acute form of the disease, and T. b. gambiense, which causes a more chronic infection. Both invariably progress to a fatal outcome unless treated.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, with this informative quiz. Learn about the two stages of the disease, its causes, transmission, and potential treatments. Discover the impact of HAT on millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa and the challenges associated with diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: HAT, sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma, tsetse flies, hematologic stage, neurologic stage, T. b. rhodesiense,

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