47 Questions
What is African trypanosomiasis commonly known as?
Sleeping sickness
What is the most effective way to prevent tsetse fly bites?
Wearing long-sleeved, bright (but not blue) clothing
What is the primary adverse effect of melarsoprol treatment?
Acute encephalopathy
What is the main advantage of using pentamidine over other drugs to treat HAT?
It has a short treatment course and is easy to administer.
Which drug is the preferred first-line treatment for stage II T. b. gambiense HAT?
NECT
Which adverse effects are most pronounced in patients taking nifurtimox?
Gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms
Which type of trypanosomiasis is most resistant to eflornithine treatment?
T. b) rhodesiense
Which subgenus of Trypanosoma has three morphologically indistinguishable species, including T. brucei?
Trypanozoon
How is Human African trypanosomiasis transmitted?
Through tsetse flies
What is the main strategy for controlling sleeping sickness in endemic areas?
Active case finding
What is the drug of choice for stage I HAT caused by T. b. gambiense?
Pentamidine
What is the current status of sleeping sickness as a public health problem?
It is still a severe public health problem in endemic areas
What are the two stages of Human African trypanosomiasis?
Hematologic and neurologic
Which subspecies of T. brucei infects humans, domestic livestock, and some wild antelopes?
T. b) rhodesiense
What can happen if African trypanosomiasis is not treated in time?
It can be fatal
Which drug is used for melarsoprol-refractory cases of T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness?
Eflornithine
What are the adverse effects of suramin?
Pyrexia and nephrotoxicity
What is the most widely used stage II anti-trypanosomal drug?
Melarsoprol
Which drug combination is the preferred first-line treatment for stage II T. b. gambiense HAT?
Nifurtimox and eflornithine
Which drug has a high rate of serious adverse effects?
Melarsoprol
Which stage of Human African trypanosomiasis is associated with progressive disease and death if left untreated?
Neurologic stage
Which subspecies of T. brucei can infect pigs and sheep, and only occasionally other orders?
T. b) gambiense
What are the different methods used for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis?
Serologic assays, blood films, and nucleic acid amplification techniques
What is the trypanolytic factor found in normal human plasma?
Complement
What is the drug of choice for stage I HAT caused by T. b. rhodesiense?
Suramin
What are the clinical features of African trypanosomiasis?
Fever, chills, and headache
What is the estimated number of people in sub-Saharan Africa who are at risk of Human African trypanosomiasis?
65 million
Which subspecies of T. brucei can infect all domestic animals, camels, some antelopes, and carnivores, but not humans?
T. b) brucei
What are the new rapid diagnostic tests for African trypanosomiasis like?
Cheap, easy to use, and have improved sensitivity in detecting HAT
Which drug is widely used for stage II anti-trypanosomal treatment of both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense infections?
Melarsoprol
What is the surface coat of glycoprotein that Trypanosoma has evolved?
VSG
Which of the following is not a method used for diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis?
Stool tests
What is the second-line treatment in melarsoprol-refractory cases?
Nifurtimox
Which protozoal parasite causes a more acute form of Human African trypanosomiasis?
T. b) rhodesiense
Which drug is a new oral treatment for all stages of T. b. gambiense HAT?
Fexinidazole
Which protozoal parasite causes a more chronic infection of Human African trypanosomiasis?
T. b) gambiense
What is the trypanosome subspecies that is an animal pathogen?
T. b) brucei
What is the trypanosome subspecies that infects humans in West and Central Africa?
T. b) gambiense
What is the preferred first-line treatment for stage II T. b. rhodesiense HAT?
Melarsoprol
Which of the following is a clinical feature of African trypanosomiasis in the late stage?
Sleep disturbances
What is the outcome of Human African trypanosomiasis if left untreated?
Disability and death
Which drug is mostly used for melarsoprol-refractory cases of T. b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness?
Nifurtimox
What is the trypanosome subspecies that infects humans in East and Southern Africa?
T. b) rhodesiense
What is the trypanosome subspecies that can infect a wide range of mammalian hosts except primates?
T. evansi
What is a significant concern associated with the treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis?
Significant toxicity of treatments
How is HAT prevention achieved in endemic areas?
All of the above
What are the new rapid diagnostic tests for African trypanosomiasis (the HAT Sero-K-SeT and the SD Bioline HAT 1.0) characterized by?
Low cost and high sensitivity
Study Notes
Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as HAT or sleeping sickness, is a disease caused by the protozoa genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by tsetse flies. It has two stages: the hematologic stage (I) which is associated with systemic illness, and the neurologic stage (II) which is associated with progressive disease, disability, and death if left untreated. It may be difficult to diagnose and treatments are associated with significant toxicity. Although case numbers have been reduced in the last decade, HAT remains a threat to 65 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT is caused by two morphologically indistinguishable protozoal parasites: T. b. rhodesiense, which is responsible for a more acute form of the disease, and T. b. gambiense, which causes a more chronic infection. Both invariably progress to a fatal outcome unless treated.
Test your knowledge on Human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, with this informative quiz. Learn about the two stages of the disease, its causes, transmission, and potential treatments. Discover the impact of HAT on millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa and the challenges associated with diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: HAT, sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma, tsetse flies, hematologic stage, neurologic stage, T. b. rhodesiense,
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