40 Questions
What is the process of creating immunity, or resistance to infection, in an individual?
Immunization
Which method is used to destroy all microorganisms including spores?
Moist heat (steam)
What is the goal in breaking the chain of infection between the portal of exit and the mode of transmission?
Prevent the exit of infectious agents
What is the most common sterilization technique used in the hospital setting?
Moist heat (steam)
What is the body's defense against infectious agents?
Specific immune defense
What are resident flora?
Microorganisms that are always present without altering the client's health
Which type of flora usually acquired from direct contact with microorganisms on environmental surfaces?
Transient flora
What is the term for disease-producing microorganisms?
Pathogens
Where do microorganisms exist according to the text?
Everywhere: in water, in soil, and on body surfaces
What is the role of T cells in the immune response?
Regulating the immune response and activating other cells
What is the function of resident flora?
To prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
What are lymphokines responsible for in the immune response?
Attracting other phagocytes and lymphocytes to the injured area
What is the collective term for the stimulation of B cells and the production of antibodies?
Humoral immunity
What is the term for an infection that affects the entire body and involves multiple organs?
Systemic infection
What is the term used for infections acquired in a hospital or other health care facility?
Nosocomial infections
Which term refers to the frequency with which a pathogen causes disease?
Virulence
Which factor affects the ability of a pathogen to adhere to healthy cells?
The strength of the pathogen to adhere to healthy cells
Which type of microorganism can live only inside cells and contain DNA or RNA?
Viruses
What is a common mode of transmission for cholera?
Vehicle transmission
Where does an infectious agent enter the host through the respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract?
Portals of entry
What are resident flora?
Microorganisms that are always present, usually without altering the client’s health
What are transient flora?
Microorganisms that are episodic (of limited duration)
What is the role of resident flora?
Prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
Where do microorganisms exist according to the text?
Everywhere: in water, in soil, and on body surfaces such as the skin, intestinal tract, and other areas open to the outside
What are pathogens?
Disease-producing microorganisms
What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?
Pathogenicity refers to the ability of a microorganism to produce disease, while virulence refers to the frequency with which a pathogen causes disease.
Name three factors affecting the virulence of a pathogen.
The strength of the pathogen to adhere to healthy cells, the ability of a pathogen to damage cells or interfere with the body’s normal regulating systems, and the ability of a pathogen to evade the attack of white blood cells (WBCs).
What are the common bacterial infections mentioned in the text?
Diarrhea, pneumonia, sinusitis, cellulitis, meningitis, urinary tract infections.
Give examples of common viral infections.
Influenza, measles, common cold, chickenpox, hepatitis B, genital herpes, and HIV.
Name one method of transmission for cholera.
Vehicle transmission (transmitted through contaminated drinking water).
What are the steps for proper cleansing of instruments?
- Wet the object with cold water; 2. Apply detergent and scrub the object under running water using a soft-bristled brush; 3. Rinse the object under warm running water; 4. Dry the object before sterilization or disinfection.
What is the process of creating immunity, or resistance to infection, in an individual?
Immunization
What is the goal in breaking the chain of infection between the portal of exit and the mode of transmission?
To prevent the exit of infectious agents
What are the nonspecific immune defenses that protect the host from all microorganisms?
Skin and normal flora; mucous membranes; coughing, sneezing, and tearing reflexes; elimination and acidic environment; and inflammation.
What is the most common sterilization technique used in the hospital setting?
Autoclaving (moist heat or steam)
What role do T cells play in the immune response?
T cells regulate the immune response by activating other cells, release lymphokines, and stimulate the production of B cells and antibodies.
What are the two types of infections mentioned in the text?
Localized infections and Systemic infections
What is another term for hospital-acquired infections?
Nosocomial infections or health care–associated infections
What are the four categories into which most hospital-acquired infections fall?
Urinary tract, surgical wounds, pneumonia, and septicemia
What is the collective term for the stimulation of B cells and the production of antibodies?
Humoral immunity
Test your knowledge of how host characteristics influence susceptibility to infections, infection control practices, and breaking the chain of infection. Explore topics such as age, stress, immunization, lifestyle, and the role of nurses in interrupting the transmission of microorganisms.
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