Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of influenza viruses that cause disease in humans?

Type A, B, and C

What are the two subtypes of influenza viruses?

Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuroaminidase (NA)

How does influenza A differ in its ability to develop new types compared to other influenza viruses?

Influenza A has the ability to develop new types that the population is not protected against.

How is influenza primarily transmitted?

<p>By aerosol or direct contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of infections caused by influenza viruses?

<p>Uncomplicated upper respiratory infection, Viral pneumonia, Respiratory viral infection followed by bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some clinical features of influenza?

<p>Abrupt fever, chilling, malaise, muscle aching, headache, watery nasal discharge, nonproductive cough, and sore throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of spread for Tuberculosis?

<p>Inhaling the mycobacterium-containing droplet nuclei that circulate in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is responsible for developing resistance to Tuberculosis?

<p>Cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that forms when tubercle bacilli, modified macrophages, and other immune cells develop in response to Tuberculosis infection?

<p>Ghon focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of primary lung lesion and lymph node granulomas called?

<p>Ghon complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for engulfing and degrading M. tuberculosis in the alveoli?

<p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the hypersensitivity reaction to a large number of Tuberculosis organisms?

<p>Significant tissue necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common treatments for pneumonia?

<p>Antipyretic and cough medications, Antiviral drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are pneumonias classified based on infectious agents?

<p>According to the source of infection (community versus hospital-acquired) and the immune status of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of community-acquired pneumonia?

<p>Infection from organisms found in the community, not in the hospital or nursing home, diagnosed within 48 hours of hospital admission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common causes of pneumonia?

<p>Infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, noninfectious agents such as aspirated gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can pneumonia be prevented from further damaging epithelial cells?

<p>Drinking large amounts of liquid to prevent dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?

<p>S. pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second most common cause of hospital-acquired infections?

<p>Hospital-Acquired pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of hospital organisms associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia.

<p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species</p> Signup and view all the answers

List four risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia.

<p>Mechanical ventilation, airway instrumentation, chronic lung disease, compromised immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two classifications of pneumonia based on causative agents?

<p>Typical (Bacterial) and Atypical (Viral and mycoplasma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Tuberculosis?

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a condition that falls under Pneumonia in Immunocompromised persons.

<p>Organ transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inflammatory response in the larger airways known as?

<p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process known as when the inflammatory response causes destruction of the tissues of the lung in the alveoli?

<p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that protects the lung from injury and can be deficient in inherited cases?

<p>α1-antitrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the breakdown of elastin and other alveolar components by the enzyme protease?

<p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most common causes of chronic bronchitis?

<p>Smoking and viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of chronic bronchitis in the airways of the lung?

<p>Increased number and size of goblet cells and mucous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

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