Hormones Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of hormones in the body?

  • To transmit electrical signals throughout the body
  • To control and regulate the activities of certain cells and organs (correct)
  • To produce energy for the body
  • To protect the body from external damage

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?

  • Growth and development
  • Metabolism
  • Muscle contraction (correct)
  • Sleep-wake cycle

    • What is the term for the process of transferring the signal into the cell?

  • Signal transduction (correct)
  • Cell signaling
  • Hormone secretion
  • Signal reception

    • What type of signaling occurs when a cell secretes a hormone that binds to receptors on the same cell?

    <p>Autocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system integrates the functions of the tissues in the body along with the endocrine system?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of signaling that occurs between cells that are close to each other?

    <p>Paracrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a hormone according to the modern perspective?

    <p>A substance synthesized by one type of cells and transported through blood to act on another type of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of GI hormones?

    <p>They are secreted directly into the bloodstream in small amounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way hormones are removed from the body?

    <p>Target cell uptake, metabolism, or excretion by the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormones in the body?

    <p>To regulate almost all body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hormones based on their biochemical nature?

    <p>Steroid, amino acid derivatives, and peptide/protein hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is a peptide/protein hormone?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine hormones?

    <p>They are produced by exocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signaling occurs when two cells are adjacent and establish contact through gap junctions?

    <p>Juxtacrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone secreted by the heart is involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hypothalamic releasing factors?

    <p>They stimulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is NOT controlled by the pituitary gland?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the thymus and is critical for T-cell development?

    <p>Thymopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of growth hormone (somatotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Stimulating growth and cell reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correctly paired between hormone and its function?

    <p>Erythropoietin - increases red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormones

    • Hormones are chemical substances released from ductless or endocrine glands directly to the blood, controlling and regulating the activities of certain cells and organs.
    • A modern definition of a hormone is that it is synthesized by one type of cells and transported through blood to act on another type of cells.

    Functions of Hormones

    • Hormones control many different bodily processes, including:
      • Metabolism
      • Homeostasis (constant internal balance), such as blood pressure, blood sugar regulation, fluid balance, and body temperature
      • Growth and development
      • Sexual function
      • Reproduction
      • Sleep-wake cycle
      • Mood

    Signal Transduction

    • Signal transduction is the process of transferring the signal into the cell.
    • There are two types of cells in signal transduction:
      • The sender cell where the signal originates
      • The target cell that receives the signal

    Types of Signal

    • Autocrine signaling: a cell secretes a hormone or chemical substance that binds to receptors on the same cell.
    • Paracrine signaling: local mediators have their effect near the site of secretion without entering the circulation, with rapid and transient signaling between nearby cells.
    • Juxtacrine signaling: occurs between adjacent cells through gap junctions or protein molecules on the surface of the two cells.
    • Endocrine signaling: between cells located at a distance from each other, with the signal binding to specific target cell receptors with high affinity.

    Hypothalamus

    • The hypothalamus produces two types of endocrine factors:
      • Hypothalamic neuropeptides (posterior lobe)
      • Hypothalamic releasing factors (anterior lobe)

    Pituitary Gland

    • The pituitary gland is the master gland, controlling three endocrine glands: thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads.
    • The pituitary gland does not control parathyroid, adrenal medulla, and pancreas.
    • The anterior pituitary secretes six hormones, each with distinct functions and target organs:
      • Growth hormone (somatotropin)
      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
      • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
      • Follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
      • Prolactin (PRL)

    Other Endocrine Glands

    • Heart: secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
    • Kidney: produces erythropoietin, renin, and 1,25(OH)2 cholecalciferol
    • Thymus: produces thymopoietin and thymosin, inducing immunological competence in lymphocytes
    • GI tract: produces gastrin, CCK, secretin, and somatostatin, among other GI hormones

    Characteristics of Endocrine Hormones

    • Hormones are secreted directly into the blood in small amounts and are very active.
    • Some hormones have general actions, while others affect specific target organs.
    • Hormones are removed either by target cell uptake, metabolism, inactivation by the liver, or excretion by the kidney.

    Biochemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones

    • Hormones can be classified according to their biochemical nature into:
      • Steroid hormones (e.g., adrenocorticosteroid hormones, androgens, estrogens, and progesterone)
      • Amino acid derivatives (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones)
      • Peptide/protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon, parathormone, calcitonin, pituitary hormones)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the definition and basics of hormones, including their role in controlling and regulating cellular and organ activities. Learn about the synthesis and transportation of hormones in the body.

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