81 Questions
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
Sympathetic nervous system
Where does the sympathetic division of the ANS originate from?
Thoracolumbar system of the spinal cord
How many chain ganglia are there on either side of the vertebral column?
23
What type of neurons are the sympathetic axons before the ganglia?
Myelinated and short
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?
Increases blood calcium levels
Which hormone inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?
Cortisol
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
Secretes melatonin
What stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 into the bloodstream?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is the impact of an increase in T3 and T4 levels on the body?
Increased heart rate
What is the effect of blue light on melatonin secretion?
Inhibits melatonin secretion
Which gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels?
Thyroid gland
What is the main function of aldosterone?
Increases sodium levels
What triggers the fight or flight response resulting in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Stimulation from hypothalamus due to danger or stress
What role does testosterone play in males?
Develops secondary sex characteristics
What is the impact of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
Increased bone cell breakdown
What is the impact of decreased cortisol levels due to Addison's disease?
Decreased blood calcium
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the body?
Control autonomic and endocrine function
How does the amygdala influence the hypothalamus?
Based on emotional states
What is the function of the medulla in the body?
Regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions
How do sympathomimetic drugs affect the sympathetic response?
Enhance it
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
Maintain homeostasis through slow acting hormones
What are the two large categories of hormones?
Amino acids and lipids
How do lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system?
With the help of proteins
What is the function of a hormone receptor on a cell membrane?
Carry the signal into the cell
"What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?"
Carry the message into the cell for lipid-soluble hormones
"What is the alternate second messenger used instead of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)?"
Calcium ion
"What does it mean for a hormone to be considered as the first messenger?"
Connect with a hormone receptor on the cell membrane
Which organ produces hormones that play a role in appetite and pancreas secretions?
Pancreas
What hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
Gastrin
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Calcitriol
Which hormone produced by the pancreas inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
Somatostatin
What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?
Leptin
Which organ produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to protect the fetus from immune rejection?
Placenta
What is the primary function of relaxin produced by the placenta?
Prepares breasts for lactation
In which organ does glycogenolysis occur to produce glucose for fuel?
Liver
What hormone does the heart produce in response to atrial stretch?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
What is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production?
Fibroblast growth factor 23
What does the thymus produce to help develop T lymphocytes?
Thymosins
What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?
It releases DAG and activates protein kinases
What is the consequence of downregulation in cells due to excessive stimulation?
Decreased number of receptors
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water
What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus?
Activates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the adrenal cortex
What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus?
Signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins
What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?
Promotes protein synthesis and tissue building
Where does oxytocin secretion occur during childbirth?
Posterior pituitary
What is the function of prolactin?
Activates lactation in women
Which gland connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?
Pituitary gland
Which hormone is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What happens when phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves a phospholipid?
It releases inositol triphosphate (IP3) and activates protein kinases.
What is the role of melanin-releasing hormone (MRH) from the intermediate pituitary area?
Stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light.
What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
Stopping bleeding through coagulation
Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of angiotensinogen?
Regulating blood pressure
Which protein transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma?
Albumin
What is the approximate percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood, as indicated by the hematocrit measure?
~45%
Which type of cell matures in the thymus and leads toward immunity from disease?
T cells
What is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from body cells?
Plasma
Which hormone decreases with aging?
Insulin
What is the main function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
Protection from external and internal threats like bacteria and viruses
What is the pH level of blood?
7.35-7.45 on the pH scale
What stimulates resistance to disease in the body?
Cytokines
Which organ can generate formed elements through extramedullary hemopoiesis?
Spleen
What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine and norepinephrine?
Cholinergic and adrenergic
Which system is referred to as the cranial sacral system?
Parasympathetic system
What type of neurons have nicotinic receptors?
All ganglionic neurons
Which system exerts much more control than the other system normally does in some organs?
Autonomic
What is the purpose of orthostatic hypotension?
To keep a steady flow of oxygen to the brain
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
CN III
What type of receptors are present in the cholinergic system?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
Where do parasympathetic fibers run to, in relation to the target effector?
Terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia
What is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end called?
Varicosity
Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?
Have a large central area and thin periphery
What is the most common type of granular leukocyte?
Neutrophil
What is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes?
Hemoglobin
What condition results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells?
Aplastic anemia
Which of the following is true about sickle cell anemia?
The shape of erythrocytes is changed, leading to decreased oxygen carried
What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?
Produce antibodies to fight infections
What is the function of basophils in the body?
Release histamine and heparin to oppose blood clotting
Which hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes?
Erythropoietin
"Chemotaxis" refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to:
Chemicals
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for the fight or flight response
- The sympathetic division of the ANS originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
- There are 22 chain ganglia on either side of the vertebral column
- Sympathetic axons are preganglionic neurons before the ganglia
Hormones
- Parathyroid hormone (PH) increases blood calcium levels
- Cortisol inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels
- The pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream
- An increase in T3 and T4 levels increases metabolism and energy
- Blue light inhibits melatonin secretion
- The thyroid gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels
- Aldosterone regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to the fight or flight response
- Testosterone plays a role in male development and reproduction
Endocrine System
- The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
- The amygdala influences the hypothalamus, affecting emotions and behavior
- The medulla regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate
- Sympathomimetic drugs increase the sympathetic response
- The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate body functions through hormones
- The two large categories of hormones are lipid-soluble and water-soluble
- Lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system bound to transport proteins
- Hormone receptors on a cell membrane bind to specific hormones, triggering a response
Hormone Regulation
- Cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger, relaying hormone signals
- Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is an alternate second messenger
- A hormone is considered a first messenger when it binds to a receptor, triggering a response
- The pancreas produces hormones that regulate appetite and pancreatic secretions
- Gastrin releases hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention
- Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
- Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D
- Somatostatin inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon
Other Hormones and Functions
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates appetite and pancreatic secretions
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) protects the fetus from immune rejection
- Relaxin produced by the placenta helps with fetal development and childbirth
- Glycogenolysis occurs in the liver to produce glucose for fuel
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the heart in response to atrial stretch
- Osteocalcin is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production
- The thymus produces thymosin to help develop T lymphocytes
- Phospholipase C (PLC) splits a phospholipid, releasing second messengers
- Downregulation occurs when cells reduce their response to excessive stimulation
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of ACTH
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH
- Growth hormone (GH) regulates growth and development
- Oxytocin secretion occurs during childbirth
- Prolactin regulates lactation in females
- The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibulum
- Vasopressin is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus
Blood and Immune System
- Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte production
- Angiotensinogen regulates blood pressure
- Albumin transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma
- Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood (approximately 45%)
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, leading to immunity
- Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
- White blood cells (WBC) defend against disease
- The main function of platelets is to form blood clots
Other Systems
- The autonomic nervous system is referred to as the cranial sacral system
- Nicotinic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
- The sympathetic nervous system exerts more control than the parasympathetic nervous system in some organs
- Orthostatic hypotension helps regulate blood pressure
- The cranial nerve that carries fibers to control pupil size is the oculomotor nerve
- Cholinergic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
- Parasympathetic fibers run to the target effector through the cranial nerves
- A terminal button is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end
- Erythrocytes are biconcave, allowing for flexibility and oxygen transport
- The most common type of granular leukocyte is the neutrophil
- Hemoglobin is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes
- Aplastic anemia results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells
- Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin
- B lymphocytes produce antibodies to defend against disease
- Basophils play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions
- Chemotaxis refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to a site of inflammation
Test your knowledge on the functions of various hormones in the body and their impact on health and development.
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