Hormones and their effects on the body
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?

  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system (correct)

    • Where does the sympathetic division of the ANS originate from?

  • Cervical spine
  • Brainstem
  • Thoracolumbar system of the spinal cord (correct)
  • Lumbar spine

    • How many chain ganglia are there on either side of the vertebral column?

  • 23 (correct)
  • 15
  • 25
  • 20

    • What type of neurons are the sympathetic axons before the ganglia?

    <p>Myelinated and short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?

    <p>Increases blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pineal gland?

    <p>Secretes melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 into the bloodstream?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of an increase in T3 and T4 levels on the body?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blue light on melatonin secretion?

    <p>Inhibits melatonin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of aldosterone?

    <p>Increases sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the fight or flight response resulting in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

    <p>Stimulation from hypothalamus due to danger or stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does testosterone play in males?

    <p>Develops secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?

    <p>Increased bone cell breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of decreased cortisol levels due to Addison's disease?

    <p>Decreased blood calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the body?

    <p>Control autonomic and endocrine function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amygdala influence the hypothalamus?

    <p>Based on emotional states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the medulla in the body?

    <p>Regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sympathomimetic drugs affect the sympathetic response?

    <p>Enhance it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Maintain homeostasis through slow acting hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two large categories of hormones?

    <p>Amino acids and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system?

    <p>With the help of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a hormone receptor on a cell membrane?

    <p>Carry the signal into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?"

    <p>Carry the message into the cell for lipid-soluble hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What is the alternate second messenger used instead of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)?"

    <p>Calcium ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What does it mean for a hormone to be considered as the first messenger?"

    <p>Connect with a hormone receptor on the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces hormones that play a role in appetite and pancreas secretions?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin (EPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active form of vitamin D?

    <p>Calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the pancreas inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to protect the fetus from immune rejection?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of relaxin produced by the placenta?

    <p>Prepares breasts for lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ does glycogenolysis occur to produce glucose for fuel?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the heart produce in response to atrial stretch?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production?

    <p>Fibroblast growth factor 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thymus produce to help develop T lymphocytes?

    <p>Thymosins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?

    <p>It releases DAG and activates protein kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of downregulation in cells due to excessive stimulation?

    <p>Decreased number of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Activates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?

    <p>Promotes protein synthesis and tissue building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does oxytocin secretion occur during childbirth?

    <p>Posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prolactin?

    <p>Activates lactation in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves a phospholipid?

    <p>It releases inositol triphosphate (IP3) and activates protein kinases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of melanin-releasing hormone (MRH) from the intermediate pituitary area?

    <p>Stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Stopping bleeding through coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of angiotensinogen?

    <p>Regulating blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood, as indicated by the hematocrit measure?

    <p>~45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell matures in the thymus and leads toward immunity from disease?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from body cells?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases with aging?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?

    <p><strong>Protection from external and internal threats like bacteria and viruses</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH level of blood?

    <p>7.35-7.45 on the pH scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates resistance to disease in the body?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ can generate formed elements through extramedullary hemopoiesis?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine and norepinephrine?

    <p>Cholinergic and adrenergic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is referred to as the cranial sacral system?

    <p>Parasympathetic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons have nicotinic receptors?

    <p>All ganglionic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system exerts much more control than the other system normally does in some organs?

    <p>Autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>To keep a steady flow of oxygen to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?

    <p>CN III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are present in the cholinergic system?

    <p>Nicotinic and muscarinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do parasympathetic fibers run to, in relation to the target effector?

    <p>Terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end called?

    <p>Varicosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?

    <p>Have a large central area and thin periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of granular leukocyte?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells?

    <p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about sickle cell anemia?

    <p>The shape of erythrocytes is changed, leading to decreased oxygen carried</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Produce antibodies to fight infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of basophils in the body?

    <p>Release histamine and heparin to oppose blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Chemotaxis" refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to:

    <p>Chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for the fight or flight response
    • The sympathetic division of the ANS originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
    • There are 22 chain ganglia on either side of the vertebral column
    • Sympathetic axons are preganglionic neurons before the ganglia

    Hormones

    • Parathyroid hormone (PH) increases blood calcium levels
    • Cortisol inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels
    • The pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream
    • An increase in T3 and T4 levels increases metabolism and energy
    • Blue light inhibits melatonin secretion
    • The thyroid gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels
    • Aldosterone regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance
    • Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to the fight or flight response
    • Testosterone plays a role in male development and reproduction

    Endocrine System

    • The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
    • The amygdala influences the hypothalamus, affecting emotions and behavior
    • The medulla regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate
    • Sympathomimetic drugs increase the sympathetic response
    • The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate body functions through hormones
    • The two large categories of hormones are lipid-soluble and water-soluble
    • Lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system bound to transport proteins
    • Hormone receptors on a cell membrane bind to specific hormones, triggering a response

    Hormone Regulation

    • Cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger, relaying hormone signals
    • Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is an alternate second messenger
    • A hormone is considered a first messenger when it binds to a receptor, triggering a response
    • The pancreas produces hormones that regulate appetite and pancreatic secretions
    • Gastrin releases hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention
    • Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
    • Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D
    • Somatostatin inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

    Other Hormones and Functions

    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates appetite and pancreatic secretions
    • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) protects the fetus from immune rejection
    • Relaxin produced by the placenta helps with fetal development and childbirth
    • Glycogenolysis occurs in the liver to produce glucose for fuel
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the heart in response to atrial stretch
    • Osteocalcin is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production
    • The thymus produces thymosin to help develop T lymphocytes
    • Phospholipase C (PLC) splits a phospholipid, releasing second messengers
    • Downregulation occurs when cells reduce their response to excessive stimulation
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
    • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of ACTH
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH
    • Growth hormone (GH) regulates growth and development
    • Oxytocin secretion occurs during childbirth
    • Prolactin regulates lactation in females
    • The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibulum
    • Vasopressin is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus

    Blood and Immune System

    • Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte production
    • Angiotensinogen regulates blood pressure
    • Albumin transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma
    • Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood (approximately 45%)
    • T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, leading to immunity
    • Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
    • White blood cells (WBC) defend against disease
    • The main function of platelets is to form blood clots

    Other Systems

    • The autonomic nervous system is referred to as the cranial sacral system
    • Nicotinic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
    • The sympathetic nervous system exerts more control than the parasympathetic nervous system in some organs
    • Orthostatic hypotension helps regulate blood pressure
    • The cranial nerve that carries fibers to control pupil size is the oculomotor nerve
    • Cholinergic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
    • Parasympathetic fibers run to the target effector through the cranial nerves
    • A terminal button is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end
    • Erythrocytes are biconcave, allowing for flexibility and oxygen transport
    • The most common type of granular leukocyte is the neutrophil
    • Hemoglobin is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes
    • Aplastic anemia results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells
    • Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin
    • B lymphocytes produce antibodies to defend against disease
    • Basophils play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions
    • Chemotaxis refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to a site of inflammation

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