Hormones and their effects on the body

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?

  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system (correct)

Where does the sympathetic division of the ANS originate from?

  • Cervical spine
  • Brainstem
  • Thoracolumbar system of the spinal cord (correct)
  • Lumbar spine

How many chain ganglia are there on either side of the vertebral column?

  • 23 (correct)
  • 15
  • 25
  • 20

What type of neurons are the sympathetic axons before the ganglia?

<p>Myelinated and short (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?

<p>Increases blood calcium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pineal gland?

<p>Secretes melatonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 into the bloodstream?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of an increase in T3 and T4 levels on the body?

<p>Increased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of blue light on melatonin secretion?

<p>Inhibits melatonin secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels?

<p>Thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of aldosterone?

<p>Increases sodium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the fight or flight response resulting in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

<p>Stimulation from hypothalamus due to danger or stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does testosterone play in males?

<p>Develops secondary sex characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?

<p>Increased bone cell breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of decreased cortisol levels due to Addison's disease?

<p>Decreased blood calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the body?

<p>Control autonomic and endocrine function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the amygdala influence the hypothalamus?

<p>Based on emotional states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medulla in the body?

<p>Regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sympathomimetic drugs affect the sympathetic response?

<p>Enhance it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

<p>Maintain homeostasis through slow acting hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two large categories of hormones?

<p>Amino acids and lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system?

<p>With the help of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a hormone receptor on a cell membrane?

<p>Carry the signal into the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?"

<p>Carry the message into the cell for lipid-soluble hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"What is the alternate second messenger used instead of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)?"

<p>Calcium ion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"What does it mean for a hormone to be considered as the first messenger?"

<p>Connect with a hormone receptor on the cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ produces hormones that play a role in appetite and pancreas secretions?

<p>Pancreas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?

<p>Gastrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

<p>Erythropoietin (EPO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the active form of vitamin D?

<p>Calcitriol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone produced by the pancreas inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?

<p>Somatostatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?

<p>Leptin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to protect the fetus from immune rejection?

<p>Placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of relaxin produced by the placenta?

<p>Prepares breasts for lactation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ does glycogenolysis occur to produce glucose for fuel?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the heart produce in response to atrial stretch?

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production?

<p>Fibroblast growth factor 23 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the thymus produce to help develop T lymphocytes?

<p>Thymosins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?

<p>It releases DAG and activates protein kinases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of downregulation in cells due to excessive stimulation?

<p>Decreased number of receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus?

<p>Activates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the adrenal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus?

<p>Signals the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Promotes protein synthesis and tissue building (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does oxytocin secretion occur during childbirth?

<p>Posterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of prolactin?

<p>Activates lactation in women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?

<p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves a phospholipid?

<p>It releases inositol triphosphate (IP3) and activates protein kinases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of melanin-releasing hormone (MRH) from the intermediate pituitary area?

<p>Stimulates melanin formation in response to UV light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of platelets in the blood?

<p>Stopping bleeding through coagulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

<p>Erythropoietin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of angiotensinogen?

<p>Regulating blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma?

<p>Albumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood, as indicated by the hematocrit measure?

<p>~45% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell matures in the thymus and leads toward immunity from disease?

<p>T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from body cells?

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone decreases with aging?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?

<p><strong>Protection from external and internal threats like bacteria and viruses</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH level of blood?

<p>7.35-7.45 on the pH scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates resistance to disease in the body?

<p>Cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ can generate formed elements through extramedullary hemopoiesis?

<p>Spleen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine and norepinephrine?

<p>Cholinergic and adrenergic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is referred to as the cranial sacral system?

<p>Parasympathetic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons have nicotinic receptors?

<p>All ganglionic neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system exerts much more control than the other system normally does in some organs?

<p>Autonomic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of orthostatic hypotension?

<p>To keep a steady flow of oxygen to the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?

<p>CN III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are present in the cholinergic system?

<p>Nicotinic and muscarinic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do parasympathetic fibers run to, in relation to the target effector?

<p>Terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end called?

<p>Varicosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?

<p>Have a large central area and thin periphery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of granular leukocyte?

<p>Neutrophil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes?

<p>Hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells?

<p>Aplastic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about sickle cell anemia?

<p>The shape of erythrocytes is changed, leading to decreased oxygen carried (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?

<p>Produce antibodies to fight infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of basophils in the body?

<p>Release histamine and heparin to oppose blood clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

<p>Erythropoietin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Chemotaxis" refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to:

<p>Chemicals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards are hidden until you start studying

Study Notes

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for the fight or flight response
  • The sympathetic division of the ANS originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
  • There are 22 chain ganglia on either side of the vertebral column
  • Sympathetic axons are preganglionic neurons before the ganglia

Hormones

  • Parathyroid hormone (PH) increases blood calcium levels
  • Cortisol inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels
  • The pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream
  • An increase in T3 and T4 levels increases metabolism and energy
  • Blue light inhibits melatonin secretion
  • The thyroid gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels
  • Aldosterone regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to the fight or flight response
  • Testosterone plays a role in male development and reproduction

Endocrine System

  • The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
  • The amygdala influences the hypothalamus, affecting emotions and behavior
  • The medulla regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate
  • Sympathomimetic drugs increase the sympathetic response
  • The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate body functions through hormones
  • The two large categories of hormones are lipid-soluble and water-soluble
  • Lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system bound to transport proteins
  • Hormone receptors on a cell membrane bind to specific hormones, triggering a response

Hormone Regulation

  • Cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger, relaying hormone signals
  • Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is an alternate second messenger
  • A hormone is considered a first messenger when it binds to a receptor, triggering a response
  • The pancreas produces hormones that regulate appetite and pancreatic secretions
  • Gastrin releases hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention
  • Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
  • Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D
  • Somatostatin inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

Other Hormones and Functions

  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates appetite and pancreatic secretions
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) protects the fetus from immune rejection
  • Relaxin produced by the placenta helps with fetal development and childbirth
  • Glycogenolysis occurs in the liver to produce glucose for fuel
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the heart in response to atrial stretch
  • Osteocalcin is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production
  • The thymus produces thymosin to help develop T lymphocytes
  • Phospholipase C (PLC) splits a phospholipid, releasing second messengers
  • Downregulation occurs when cells reduce their response to excessive stimulation
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of ACTH
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH
  • Growth hormone (GH) regulates growth and development
  • Oxytocin secretion occurs during childbirth
  • Prolactin regulates lactation in females
  • The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibulum
  • Vasopressin is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus

Blood and Immune System

  • Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte production
  • Angiotensinogen regulates blood pressure
  • Albumin transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma
  • Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood (approximately 45%)
  • T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, leading to immunity
  • Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
  • White blood cells (WBC) defend against disease
  • The main function of platelets is to form blood clots

Other Systems

  • The autonomic nervous system is referred to as the cranial sacral system
  • Nicotinic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
  • The sympathetic nervous system exerts more control than the parasympathetic nervous system in some organs
  • Orthostatic hypotension helps regulate blood pressure
  • The cranial nerve that carries fibers to control pupil size is the oculomotor nerve
  • Cholinergic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
  • Parasympathetic fibers run to the target effector through the cranial nerves
  • A terminal button is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end
  • Erythrocytes are biconcave, allowing for flexibility and oxygen transport
  • The most common type of granular leukocyte is the neutrophil
  • Hemoglobin is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes
  • Aplastic anemia results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells
  • Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin
  • B lymphocytes produce antibodies to defend against disease
  • Basophils play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions
  • Chemotaxis refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to a site of inflammation

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser