Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
Where does the sympathetic division of the ANS originate from?
Where does the sympathetic division of the ANS originate from?
- Cervical spine
- Brainstem
- Thoracolumbar system of the spinal cord (correct)
- Lumbar spine
How many chain ganglia are there on either side of the vertebral column?
How many chain ganglia are there on either side of the vertebral column?
- 23 (correct)
- 15
- 25
- 20
What type of neurons are the sympathetic axons before the ganglia?
What type of neurons are the sympathetic axons before the ganglia?
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What is the main function of the parathyroid hormone (PH)?
Which hormone inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?
Which hormone inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels?
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
What stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 into the bloodstream?
What stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 into the bloodstream?
What is the impact of an increase in T3 and T4 levels on the body?
What is the impact of an increase in T3 and T4 levels on the body?
What is the effect of blue light on melatonin secretion?
What is the effect of blue light on melatonin secretion?
Which gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels?
Which gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels?
What is the main function of aldosterone?
What is the main function of aldosterone?
What triggers the fight or flight response resulting in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What triggers the fight or flight response resulting in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What role does testosterone play in males?
What role does testosterone play in males?
What is the impact of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What is the impact of increased production of parathyroid hormone (PH)?
What is the impact of decreased cortisol levels due to Addison's disease?
What is the impact of decreased cortisol levels due to Addison's disease?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the body?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the body?
How does the amygdala influence the hypothalamus?
How does the amygdala influence the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the medulla in the body?
What is the function of the medulla in the body?
How do sympathomimetic drugs affect the sympathetic response?
How do sympathomimetic drugs affect the sympathetic response?
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
What is the main function of the endocrine system?
What are the two large categories of hormones?
What are the two large categories of hormones?
How do lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system?
How do lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system?
What is the function of a hormone receptor on a cell membrane?
What is the function of a hormone receptor on a cell membrane?
"What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?"
"What is the role of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger?"
"What is the alternate second messenger used instead of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)?"
"What is the alternate second messenger used instead of cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP)?"
"What does it mean for a hormone to be considered as the first messenger?"
"What does it mean for a hormone to be considered as the first messenger?"
Which organ produces hormones that play a role in appetite and pancreas secretions?
Which organ produces hormones that play a role in appetite and pancreas secretions?
What hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
What hormone is responsible for releasing hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention?
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Which hormone produced by the pancreas inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
Which hormone produced by the pancreas inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?
What hormone is responsible for making a person feel full after eating and regulating bone metabolism?
Which organ produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to protect the fetus from immune rejection?
Which organ produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to protect the fetus from immune rejection?
What is the primary function of relaxin produced by the placenta?
What is the primary function of relaxin produced by the placenta?
In which organ does glycogenolysis occur to produce glucose for fuel?
In which organ does glycogenolysis occur to produce glucose for fuel?
What hormone does the heart produce in response to atrial stretch?
What hormone does the heart produce in response to atrial stretch?
What is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production?
What is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production?
What does the thymus produce to help develop T lymphocytes?
What does the thymus produce to help develop T lymphocytes?
What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?
What happens when PLC splits a phospholipid?
What is the consequence of downregulation in cells due to excessive stimulation?
What is the consequence of downregulation in cells due to excessive stimulation?
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus?
What is the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus?
What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus?
What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus?
What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?
What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?
Where does oxytocin secretion occur during childbirth?
Where does oxytocin secretion occur during childbirth?
What is the function of prolactin?
What is the function of prolactin?
Which gland connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?
Which gland connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?
Which hormone is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus?
Which hormone is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus?
What happens when phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves a phospholipid?
What happens when phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves a phospholipid?
What is the role of melanin-releasing hormone (MRH) from the intermediate pituitary area?
What is the role of melanin-releasing hormone (MRH) from the intermediate pituitary area?
What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?
Which hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?
What is the primary function of angiotensinogen?
What is the primary function of angiotensinogen?
Which protein transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma?
Which protein transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma?
What is the approximate percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood, as indicated by the hematocrit measure?
What is the approximate percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood, as indicated by the hematocrit measure?
Which type of cell matures in the thymus and leads toward immunity from disease?
Which type of cell matures in the thymus and leads toward immunity from disease?
What is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from body cells?
What is responsible for the transport of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from body cells?
Which hormone decreases with aging?
Which hormone decreases with aging?
What is the main function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
What is the main function of white blood cells (WBC) in the body?
What is the pH level of blood?
What is the pH level of blood?
What stimulates resistance to disease in the body?
What stimulates resistance to disease in the body?
Which organ can generate formed elements through extramedullary hemopoiesis?
Which organ can generate formed elements through extramedullary hemopoiesis?
What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine and norepinephrine?
What type of synapse is activated by acetylcholine and norepinephrine?
Which system is referred to as the cranial sacral system?
Which system is referred to as the cranial sacral system?
What type of neurons have nicotinic receptors?
What type of neurons have nicotinic receptors?
Which system exerts much more control than the other system normally does in some organs?
Which system exerts much more control than the other system normally does in some organs?
What is the purpose of orthostatic hypotension?
What is the purpose of orthostatic hypotension?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
Which cranial nerve carries fibers to control pupil size?
What type of receptors are present in the cholinergic system?
What type of receptors are present in the cholinergic system?
Where do parasympathetic fibers run to, in relation to the target effector?
Where do parasympathetic fibers run to, in relation to the target effector?
What is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end called?
What is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end called?
Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?
What is the most common type of granular leukocyte?
What is the most common type of granular leukocyte?
What is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes?
What is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes?
What condition results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells?
What condition results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells?
Which of the following is true about sickle cell anemia?
Which of the following is true about sickle cell anemia?
What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the function of basophils in the body?
What is the function of basophils in the body?
Which hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes?
Which hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes?
"Chemotaxis" refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to:
"Chemotaxis" refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to:
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for the fight or flight response
- The sympathetic division of the ANS originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
- There are 22 chain ganglia on either side of the vertebral column
- Sympathetic axons are preganglionic neurons before the ganglia
Hormones
- Parathyroid hormone (PH) increases blood calcium levels
- Cortisol inhibits the inflammatory response and increases blood glucose levels
- The pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream
- An increase in T3 and T4 levels increases metabolism and energy
- Blue light inhibits melatonin secretion
- The thyroid gland releases calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels
- Aldosterone regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to the fight or flight response
- Testosterone plays a role in male development and reproduction
Endocrine System
- The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
- The amygdala influences the hypothalamus, affecting emotions and behavior
- The medulla regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate
- Sympathomimetic drugs increase the sympathetic response
- The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate body functions through hormones
- The two large categories of hormones are lipid-soluble and water-soluble
- Lipid-soluble hormones travel through the cardiovascular system bound to transport proteins
- Hormone receptors on a cell membrane bind to specific hormones, triggering a response
Hormone Regulation
- Cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger, relaying hormone signals
- Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is an alternate second messenger
- A hormone is considered a first messenger when it binds to a receptor, triggering a response
- The pancreas produces hormones that regulate appetite and pancreatic secretions
- Gastrin releases hydrochloric acid in response to stomach distention
- Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
- Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D
- Somatostatin inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon
Other Hormones and Functions
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates appetite and pancreatic secretions
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) protects the fetus from immune rejection
- Relaxin produced by the placenta helps with fetal development and childbirth
- Glycogenolysis occurs in the liver to produce glucose for fuel
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by the heart in response to atrial stretch
- Osteocalcin is produced by the skeleton to inhibit calcitriol and stimulate insulin production
- The thymus produces thymosin to help develop T lymphocytes
- Phospholipase C (PLC) splits a phospholipid, releasing second messengers
- Downregulation occurs when cells reduce their response to excessive stimulation
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of ACTH
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FSH and LH
- Growth hormone (GH) regulates growth and development
- Oxytocin secretion occurs during childbirth
- Prolactin regulates lactation in females
- The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibulum
- Vasopressin is restricted by alcohol, caffeine, and diabetes insipidus
Blood and Immune System
- Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte production
- Angiotensinogen regulates blood pressure
- Albumin transports fatty acids and steroid hormones in the plasma
- Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood (approximately 45%)
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, leading to immunity
- Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
- White blood cells (WBC) defend against disease
- The main function of platelets is to form blood clots
Other Systems
- The autonomic nervous system is referred to as the cranial sacral system
- Nicotinic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
- The sympathetic nervous system exerts more control than the parasympathetic nervous system in some organs
- Orthostatic hypotension helps regulate blood pressure
- The cranial nerve that carries fibers to control pupil size is the oculomotor nerve
- Cholinergic receptors are present in the cholinergic system
- Parasympathetic fibers run to the target effector through the cranial nerves
- A terminal button is an area of a nerve that houses neurotransmitters but is not at the end
- Erythrocytes are biconcave, allowing for flexibility and oxygen transport
- The most common type of granular leukocyte is the neutrophil
- Hemoglobin is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in erythrocytes
- Aplastic anemia results from a shortage of red blood cell stem cells
- Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin
- B lymphocytes produce antibodies to defend against disease
- Basophils play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions
- Chemotaxis refers to the process of leukocytes being drawn to a site of inflammation
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of various hormones in the body and their impact on health and development.
