Endocrine System and Thyroid Hormones Quiz
36 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main function of thyroid hormone?

  • Regulate metabolism, heart rate, and cardiac output (correct)
  • Promote bone growth and development
  • Support the immune system
  • Regulate blood sugar levels

    • What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

  • Toxic multinodular goiter
  • Pituitary tumor
  • Thyroiditis
  • Grave's disease (correct)

    • What is exophthalmos?

  • Nodule formation in the thyroid gland
  • Bulging of the eyes (correct)
  • Inflammation of the thyroid gland
  • Enlargement of the thyroid gland

    • What medication is used to treat hypothyroidism?

    <p>Levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiology of Hashimoto's hypothyroidism?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect of levothyroxine that patients must report to their healthcare provider?

    <p>Heart arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to produce thyroid hormone?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

    <p>T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Methimazole in treating hyperthyroidism?

    <p>To inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of exophthalmos?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Levothyroxine?

    <p>To increase the production of thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Addison's disease?

    <p>Autoimmune condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Aldosterone?

    <p>To regulate electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of Diabetes Insipidus?

    <p>SIADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOA of Desmopressin?

    <p>Increases the production of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the side effect of Desmopressin?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for Desmopressin?

    <p>Nasal spray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Spirinolactone?

    <p>To decrease the production of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aldosterone?

    <p>Promotes sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is similar to a synthetic aldosterone?

    <p>Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's disease?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cushing's Syndrome?

    <p>A condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suffix of steroids?

    <p>-one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When would you take a steroid with meals or without meals?

    <p>With meals to prevent stomach upset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hydrocortisone?

    <p>It provides fast sugar source during times of emotional or physical stress (injury, infection).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of symptomatic support would a patient with Addison's disease need?

    <p>Fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of steroids?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you treat a patient in Addison's crisis?

    <p>Administer intravenous fluids and corticosteroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical doses for Spironolactone?

    <p>200-400mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Spironolactone?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition caused by high aldosterone and high cortisol levels?

    <p>Cushing's Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of Cushing's Syndrome?

    <p>Long-term use of steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's Disease?

    <p>Bronze pigmentation of skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for hyperglycemia in a patient with Addison's Disease?

    <p>Dextrose solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which steroids suppress inflammation?

    <p>Suppressing the genes responsible for inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to taper steroid dosage gradually?

    <p>To allow the body to adjust to the reduced steroid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • Thyroid gland is not palpable.
    • Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland.
    • Main thyroid hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4).
    • Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, heart rate, and supports growth and brain maturation.
    • Signs of thyroid disease primarily affect metabolism and cardiac function.
    • Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Most common cause is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder.
    • Pathophysiology involves immunoglobulins stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis via TSH receptors.
    • Exophthalmos is characterized by bulging eyes due to fluid accumulation in tissues.
    • Symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, heat intolerance, anxiety, sweating, tachycardia, and exophthalmos.
    • Treatment options include thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine.
    • Methimazole (Tapazole) is a prototype medication.
    • It inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland.
    • Clinical effectiveness of Methimazole is monitored by a decrease in hyperthyroid symptoms.
    • Risks of overtreatment include extreme hypothyroidism, fever, rash, and leukopenia due to agranulocytosis.
    • Agranulocytosis is a severe drop in granulocyte count, increasing infection risk.
    • Regular CBC and liver function tests are necessary due to Methimazole's potential hepatotoxicity.

    Jaundice

    • Jaundice is a sign of hepatic failure, marked by elevated bilirubin leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes.
    • Always assess the sclera for signs of jaundice.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Most common cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition.
    • Pathophysiology involves fibrotic tissue formation due to antibody attacks on the thyroid, leading to decreased hormone production.
    • Treatment involves Levothyroxine (Synthroid), a synthetic T4 hormone.
    • Levothyroxine is administered PO or IV, converting to T3 in the body.
    • Effectiveness is indicated by an increase in metabolic rate.
    • Side effects include tachycardia, palpitations, and anxiety; report any signs of hyperthyroidism.

    Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

    • Symptomatic support focuses on alleviating symptoms rather than treating underlying causes.
    • Examples include pain management, fever reduction, and treating respiratory symptoms.
    • Beta blockers or antihypertensives may address hyperthyroid symptoms.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also known as vasopressin, promoting water retention in kidneys.
    • Diabetes refers to excessive urination; Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by low ADH.
    • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) involves high ADH levels and fluid retention.
    • DI results in dilute urine and low specific gravity. Common causes include pituitary damage.
    • Treatment for DI includes Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP), administered through various routes (nasal, SubQ, IV).
    • Desmopressin increases urine concentration by enhancing water reabsorption in renal ducts.
    • Hyponatremia symptoms include altered mental status and seizures.

    Adrenal Function and Disorders

    • The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (Cortisol).
    • Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
    • Cortisol provides energy during stress.
    • Spironolactone acts as an aldosterone antagonist, leading to sodium excretion while retaining potassium.
    • Spironolactone doses vary: typically 50-100 mg for hypertension and 200-400 mg for anti-androgen effects.
    • Main side effect of spironolactone: Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).
    • Addison’s disease results in low aldosterone and cortisol, mainly caused by autoimmune destruction.
    • Treatment includes long-term steroids like hydrocortisone, which increases both hormones.
    • Cushing’s Syndrome arises from excessive cortisol and aldosterone, often due to adrenal hypersecretion or steroid use.
    • Treatment for Cushing’s involves reducing steroid use, surgical intervention, and symptomatic support.
    • Symptoms of Addison’s include fatigue, dehydration, and hypotension; an adrenal crisis can lead to vascular collapse and renal shutdown.
    • Cushing's symptoms include personality changes, moon facies, and purple striae.
    • Education on steroids emphasizes the need for gradual tapering to prevent withdrawal effects and stress management.

    Steroid Management

    • Steroids serve multiple purposes, from inflammation management to treating autoimmune conditions.
    • Common steroid suffix: -sone (e.g., prednisone, dexamethasone).
    • When taking steroids, timing related to meals is advised based on gastrointestinal tolerance or absorption issues.
    • Potential side effects include hypertension, immunosuppression, mood changes, and weight gain.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the endocrine system, thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism. Covers thyroid gland, hormone production, and disease symptoms.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser